The Economist November 13th 2021 79
Science & technology
Diagnosingdementia
Knowing the worst
O
f the estimated 55m people living
with dementia around the world, only
onequarter have been formally diagnosed
with the condition. There are many rea
sons for this. Two are enduring: many pa
tients and clinicians alike wrongly believe
that dementia is an inevitable part of the
ageinghuman condition and, being incur
able, is hardly worth diagnosing; and some
people experiencing cognitive impairment
fear hearing what sounds like a sentence of
braindeath, and so do not seek help.
Some of the reasons for nondiagnosis,
however, may be about to change. During
the covid19 pandemic many people have
delayed consulting their doctors about
nonurgent conditions, and as lockdowns
ease, they may begin to ask for profession
al guidance (moreover, evidence suggests
that covid itself heightens the risk of de
mentia). In addition, diagnostic tech
niques, hitherto unreliable, timeconsum
ing and costly, are becoming available, and
for some forms of dementia hopes are
emerging of more effective treatments.
Dementia is normally diagnosed by
testing cognitive functions such as memo
ry. If mild cognitive impairment (mci), of
ten a precursor to dementia, is detected, a
patient may then be referred for tests to
identify which of the dozens of causes of
dementia are to blame. By far the most
common is Alzheimer’s disease, account
ing for 6080% of cases.
Fear of the needle
Identifying Alzheimer’s normally requires
a brain scan, and perhaps a lumbar punc
ture (the insertion of a needle into the low
er spine), to extract cerebrospinal fluid, so
as to measure its levels of two proteins that
build up in the brains of people with Alz
heimer’s, known as betaamyloid and tau.
Some patients are reluctant to undergo the
intrusive procedure. The scans are usually
by magneticresonance imaging (mri), to
look at the size of the brain, along with a
positronemission tomography (pet) scan
to measure the buildup of betaamyloid.
petand mriscanners are expensive pieces
of kit, running into the hundreds of thou
sands of dollars. For most people in the
world, they are unobtainable.
That explains the excitement at the de
velopment of simple blood tests to distin
guish Alzheimer’s from other neurodegen
erative conditions. One, announced last
year and likely to be validated for routine
use within 12 months, according to Serge
Gauthier, professor of neurology and neu
rosurgery at McGill University in Montreal,
measures a form of tau called ptau217. It
has been found to predict Alzheimer’s with
96% accuracy.
It is already possible using mass spec
trometry, which detects how atoms and
molecules are deflected by magnetic fields,
to measure the level of betaamyloid in the
blood. But it is not certain how this relates
to levels in the brain. The accuracy of the
procedure rises to 94% if two other risk
factors are considered: age and the pres
ence of a form of the apoegene, known as
apoe4, which heightens the risk of devel
oping Alzheimer’s (and also appears to in
crease vulnerability to heart disease and
covid). This can also be detected by a blood
test, so Dr Gauthier envisages symptomat
ic patients giving blood samples for simul
taneous tests for both tau and apoe4.
Other approaches aim to detect asymp
tomatic people years or even decades be
It is becoming easier, cheaper and quicker to diagnose dementia
→Alsointhissection
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82 Plasticsandantibioticresistance
82 Growingbetterblackcurrants
83 New covid-19 treatments