82 Science & technology The Economist November 13th 2021
than preindustrial times, with a median
estimate of 2.4°C.
At first glance this seems considerably
more pessimistic than what the Interna
tional Energy Agency (iea), a thinktank
that works for governments, said earlier:
“cop26 climate pledges could help limit
global warming to 1.8°C”. “BIG NEWS,”
tweeted the agency’s director, Fatih Birol,
“#cop26 climate pledges mean Glasgow is
getting closer to Paris!”. In fact, the two
numbers are entirely consistent with each
other. It is just that the iea’s modellers as
sumed not only that countries would de
liver on their 2030 promises but also that
those who said they would reach netzero
emissions by midcentury or soon after
would actually do so.
Yet for now, talk of netzero is mostly
just that: talk. China, for instance, hassaid
it would ensure its emissions hit a peakbe
fore 2030 and reach netzero by 2060in
spite of the fact that it still generatesmore
than 60% of its electricity from coal.Many
other countries have made similar netze
ro promises with very little if any detailof
how they plan to get there.
cop26 has also seen plenty of multilat
eral deals and agreements announcedon
the sidelines of the untalks. Thesedealt
with some headline issues, like curbing
methane emissions, deforestation and
phasing out coal use, but none were
reached unanimously. More than 100
countries have so far signed up to cuttheir
collective methane emissions by 30%by
- Another group agreed to quitusing
coal in two decades. Last week, a teamof
independent climate researchers found
that pledges to cut methane couldshave
0.12°C off temperature projections forthe
second half of the century comparedwith
cuts embedded in nationally determined
contributions—but only if every country
signed up. China, India and Russia,the
three largest emitters of methane, haveyet
to do so. Phasing out coal by 2040would
further reduce temperature projectionsby
0.28°C, but again only if it were a globalef
fort. Yet China and India, the twomost
coalhungry nations, have not joinedthe
“powering past coal alliance”.
cop26 was never meant to deliverthe
whole package—pledges sufficient tokeep
global warming to well below 2°C andna
tional strategies to back up thoseprom
ises—in one fell swoop. It was alwaysgo
ing to be one in a series of stepping stones.
Nevertheless, the slow pace of globalcli
mate ambition has left a huge gap between
where the world needs to be in orderto
keep the hope of a 1.5°C world aliveand
where it is. If the gap is not rapidlyre
duced, which would require all largeemit
ters around the globe to drastically acceler
ate decarbonisation, then all hopeswill
rest on wholly infeasible options todraw
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.n
Microbiology
Perilous plastic
P
lasticsaremanmadematerialsthat
are unnatural to this world, but that
does not stop the natural world from inter
acting with them. Indeed, dozens of stud
ies show that when plastics get into the sea
many oceandwelling microorganisms ag
gressively colonise them. This might help
break plastics down, but these oceanic col
onies are also hotbeds of antibioticresis
tant genes. Now, it seems, something simi
lar might be going on in the dark recesses
of your home.
Lei Wang suspected as much, and along
with his colleagues at Nankai University in
Tianjin, China, set out to gather the neces
sary evidence. Their search began at an
apartment building in Tianjin. The plastics
Dr Wang was concerned about are the tiny
bits that break away from synthetic fibres,
like polyester and nylon, commonly found
in clothing and other textiles. The micro
plastics then accumulate around the home
as dust. He reasoned that if these particles
were being colonised by bacteria then they
too might be harbouring antibioticresis
tant genes.
The researchers chose ten homes in the
apartment block, each with just one male
tenant. Each apartment had hard flooring,
rather than any carpets, and a similar gen
eral layout. A team used sterilised brooms
to sweep the bedrooms and to collect dust
samples as they went. These samples were
then brought back to the lab and analysed
for microplastics, bacteria and antibiotic
resistant genes.
As they report in Environmental Science
and Technology, 21 types of microplastics
were found, the most common from poly
ester and nylon. Using dna extracted from
microbes, they identified 1,385 genera of
bacteria along with 18 genes associated
with antibiotic resistance.
The analysis also revealed that the
apartments with dust that were rich in mi
croplastics had bacterial communities that
were different from those apartments with
dust that did not contain as many micro
plastics. Crucially, the work also showed
that the relative abundance of antibiotic
resistant genes was higher in the presence
of microplastics than it was when these
were less common.
Precisely why microbes dwelling with
plastics are more likely to carry antibiotic
resistant genes is not clear. It is possible
that plastics themselves are driving bacte
ria to develop this trait. The researchers
suggest, however, that it is more likely that
specific groups of bacteria are capable of
eking out a living on plastics, and these
bacteria also happen to be of a type that
more readily develop antibiotic resistance.
To support this argument, Dr Wang
points out that Proteobacteriais both high
ly antibioticresistant and also commonly
found encrusting oceanic plastics. Mem
bers of this same phylum were the most
common type found among the polyester
and nylon fibres swept up in the apart
ments, too. This suggests that, just as plas
tics are changing the nature of bacterial
communities out at sea, they are also
changing them within homes. How much
of a threat this willultimately be to human
health is not known,butit cannot be doing
people much good.n
Microplastics in household dust could
promote antibiotic resistance
Agriculture
Probiotic berries
F
ew fruitscarry more healthpromot
ing antioxidants than blackcurrants.
Widely grown in cooler parts of Europe,
they are in high demand from consumers
seeking pesticidefree juices made from
the berries. Farmers, though, can struggle
to boost yields without relying on chemi
cals. That could change, not just for black
currants but other fruit too, with the judi
cious use of probiotics.
Probiotics is mostly known for its use of
microorganisms, including certain bacte
ria, to restore or improve the gut flora in
people and animals. But plants can benefit
from a collaborative arrangement with
bacteria too. Among other things, bacteria
help plants produce antibiotics that keep
Growing better blackcurrants with the
help of bacteria