The Economist November 13th 2021 Books & arts 87
A
recent articlein The Economiston
Germany’s coalition talks was given
the headline “Greenlit”. Elsewhere,
though, we have reported that ventures
were “greenlighted”. Another new verb is
subject to the same confusion: to “gas
light”—to try to make someone think
they are losing their mind and should
not believe their own eyes—has two
pasttense forms. A search of the web
turns up hundreds of thousands of re
sults for both “gaslighted” and “gaslit”.
One reason verbs have two pasttense
forms (or two past participles) is dia
lectal variation: in Britain words are
“spelt”, in America they are “spelled”.
Another is ordinary language change.
Words have a tendency to become reg
ular over time. “Help” once had the past
tense “holp” and the past participle
“holpen”, as in the prologue of “The
Canterbury Tales”: “that hem hath hol
pen, whan that they were seeke” (“that
helped them when they were sick”). Now
“help” is regular, though the Oxford
English Dictionary says that “holpen” is
“still employed by poets and archaists”.
In rarer cases, verbs become irregular
over time. The most famous may be
“snuck”, which was unknown before the
20th century. The past tense was
“sneaked”. But some clearly felt that
“sneaked” sounded wrong and adopted
“snuck”. That was long disparaged until it
suddenly began gaining respectability—
data from Google Books show it rocket
ing in frequency in the 1980s and over
taking “sneaked” in about 2009.
Sticklers may stick with “sneaked”,
but they are probably stuck with hearing
“snuck”. “Pled”, too, has crept into the
language as an alternative to “pleaded”.
(“Pled” is probably modelled on “led”, the
past tense of “lead”.) Here traditionalists
have managed to keep “pleaded” as the
most common form in writing, but “pled”
is in circulation as well.
Rarely, a verb will have two past forms
with different meanings. To “hang” has
the past tense “hung” when it refers to a
painting, and “hanged” when it involves
an execution. This rule is subtle enough
that many people do not know it, meaning
both pictures and the condemned (though
hopefully only in historical writing) may
both one day be “hung”.
For one particularly common verb,
American English has two past participles
with distinct meanings. “I’ve got a car”
means I own one; “I’ve gotten a car” means
I have acquired one. (“Gotten” is the older
form.) In yet another variation on the
theme, two versions of a past participle
can survive with different grammatical
uses. “Thou hast cleft my heart in twain,”
Gertrude tells Hamlet. Today she would
say “You have cleavedmy heart in two.” In
its pastparticiple form, “cleft” is now
primarily an adjective, as in “cleft palate”.
None of these, however, is a precedent
for “gaslighting” versus “gaslit”. This is an
unusual case in which speakers (usually
unwittingly) have in mind two different
ideas of the origin of a word. The “gaslit”
crowd work on the premise that “to
gaslight” comes from the verb “to light”.
When you make a compound verb out of
an irregular base verb, the compound
inherits the irregularity: “override”
becomes “overrode” just as “ride” be
comes “rode”. Hence the instinct for
“gaslight” to become “gaslit” in the way
that “light” becomes “lit”. True com
pounds of the verb “to light” work this
way: you can talk about a “floodlit” stage,
because it is lit with floodlights.
But “gaslight” does not come from the
verb “to light”, meaning “to illuminate”.
It comes from the name of a play, “Gas
Light”, which had its premiere in 1938,
and its two film adaptations (both called
“Gaslight”). According to an unwritten
rule, when a new verb is coined from a
noun, it is always regular. The name
Google becomes the verb “to google”,
which conjugates as “googled”, not “gog
gled” or something else exotic. The “gas
lighted” lot have the (correct) intuition
that “gaslight” is a verb of this type, not a
compound of “to light”.
The same applies in the case of “to
greenlight”. It does not mean to bathe in
green light. It is a verb formed from the
noun phrase “the green light”, a meta
phorical approval given to something.
Under the logic described above, “green
lit” should never have been greenlighted.
In language, norma loquendi—what is
actually said or written—is the highest
authority. Here, though, the greenlit
gaslit people are trying to follow the
logic. In fact they are committing a kind
of snuckpled error, inventing an irreg
ular form. Like “snuck” and “pled” these
alternatives may live on, but they violate
the rules rather than obeying them. And
that is not Johnson gaslighting you.
Green-lit or greenlighted? Gaslighted or gaslit? Here’s how to tell
JohnsonDouble trouble
The mirrored exterior creates a fisheye ef
fect that reflects the city’s skyline, curving
down to show the park and viewers them
selves. Mr Maas compares it to the draw
ings of Giovanni Piranesi. Rotterdam was
bombed flat during the second world war,
and has since prided itself on its geometric
modernity. Depot fits right in, but also pro
vides the city with a focal point.
Yet it is the inside that is most impor
tant. The sixfloordeep atrium is criss
crossed by suspended staircases reminis
cent of M.C. Escher prints. Glass etalages
showcase eyecatching pieces: fluorescent
dresses, inlaid furniture, abstract paint
ings by R.B. Kitaj. Along the sides are the
storage halls. Canvases hang on rolling
metal lattices in rows that can be pulled
out for inspection. Sculptures and furni
ture are stacked on rolling motorised
shelves. Organisation is alphabetical,
chronological or by size and material.
There are no labels; even with qrcodes and
the museum’s smartphone app, identifica
tion is rarely forthcoming.
It is all a bit dazzling. A latticewall
slides out: there is Breugel’s “Tower of Ba
bel”. Another emerges with what looks like
a Jan Toorop, but who knows? On other
floors photographers and restorers work in
open labs. Visitors are led through by
guides, not left alone to sample at random.
But Depot still has an immediacy different
from a curated museum.
Other institutions are also planning to
open their collections: the Victoria and Al
bert Museum’s new facility is scheduled to
open in London in 2024. Meanwhile, for a
few years Depot will be the only place to
see the Boijmans vanBeuningen’s trea
sures, as the main museumisclosed. They
have to fix the basement. n