- M. Ghandiet al., Next-generation characterization of the
Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.Nature 569 , 503–508 (2019).
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1186-3; pmid: 31068700 - L. V. Hooper, T. S. Stappenbeck, C. V. Hong, J. I. Gordon,
Angiogenins: A new class of microbicidal proteins involved in
innate immunity.Nat. Immunol. 4 , 269–273 (2003).
doi:10.1038/ni888; pmid: 12548285 - H. L. Cash, C. V. Whitham, C. L. Behrendt, L. V. Hooper,
Symbiotic bacteria direct expression of an intestinal
bactericidal lectin.Science 313 , 1126–1130 (2006).
doi:10.1126/science.1127119; pmid: 16931762 - S. Vaishnavaet al., The antibacterial lectin RegIIIgamma
promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host
in the intestine.Science 334 , 255–258 (2011). doi:10.1126/
science.1209791; pmid: 21998396 - D. C. Propheter, A. L. Chara, T. A. Harris, K. A. Ruhn, L. V. Hooper,
Resistin-like moleculebis a bactericidal protein that promotes
spatial segregation of the microbiota and the colonic epithelium.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 , 11027–11033 (2017). doi:10.1073/
pnas.1711395114; pmid: 28973871 - M. Zasloff, Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms.
Nature 415 , 389–395 (2002). doi:10.1038/415389a;
pmid: 11807545 - E. Malik, S. R. Dennison, F. Harris, D. A. Phoenix, pH dependent
antimicrobial peptides and proteins, their mechanisms of
action and potential as therapeutic agents.Pharmaceuticals 9 ,
67 (2016). doi:10.3390/ph9040067; pmid: 27809281 - T. Pelaseyedet al., The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and
enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal
tract and interact with the immune system.Immunol. Rev. 260 ,
8 – 20 (2014). doi:10.1111/imr.12182; pmid: 24942678 - S. Mukherjeeet al., Antibacterial membrane attack by a
pore-forming intestinal C-type lectin.Nature 505 , 103– 107
(2014). doi:10.1038/nature12729; pmid: 24256734 - S. C. Li, N. K. Goto, K. A. Williams, C. M. Deber, Alpha-helical,
but not beta-sheet, propensity of proline is determined by
peptide environment.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 ,
6676 – 6681 (1996). doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6676; pmid: 8692877 - M. E. Johanssonet al., The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-
dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 , 15064–15069 (2008).
zdoi:10.1073/pnas.0803124105; pmid: 18806221 - P. A. Knightet al., Expression profiling reveals novel innate and
inflammatory responses in the jejunal epithelial compartment
during infection withTrichinella spiralis.Infect. Immun. 72 ,
6076 – 6086 (2004). doi:10.1128/IAI.72.10.6076-6086.2004;
pmid: 15385512 - D. Voehringeret al.,Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: Identification
of intelectin-1 and -2 as Stat6-dependent genes expressed in
lung and intestine during infection.Exp. Parasitol. 116 ,
458 – 466 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.02.015;
pmid: 17420014
- L. J. Entwistleet al., Epithelial-cell-derived phospholipase A2 group
1B is an endogenous anthelmintic.Cell Host Microbe 22 , 484–493.
e5 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.006; pmid: 29024642 - T. Satoet al., Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem
cells in intestinal crypts.Nature 469 , 415–418 (2011).
doi:10.1038/nature09637; pmid: 21113151 - M. Scocchi, A. Tossi, R. Gennaro, Proline-rich antimicrobial
peptides: Converging to a non-lytic mechanism of action.
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 , 2317–2330 (2011). doi:10.1007/
s00018-011-0721-7; pmid: 21594684 - D. Artiset al., RELMb/FIZZ2 is a goblet cell-specific immune-
effector molecule in the gastrointestinal tract.Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U.S.A. 101 , 13596–13600 (2004). doi:10.1073/
pnas.0404034101; pmid: 15340149 - D. Ramananet al., Helminth infection promotes colonization
resistance via type 2 immunity.Science 352 , 608–612 (2016).
doi:10.1126/science.aaf3229; pmid: 27080105 - O. Adachiet al., Targeted disruption of theMyD88gene results in
loss of IL-1- and IL-18-mediated function.Immunity 9 , 143– 150
(1998). doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80596-8; pmid: 9697844 - M. H. Kaplan, U. Schindler, S. T. Smiley, M. J. Grusby, Stat6 is
required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for development
of Th2 cells.Immunity 4 , 313–319 (1996). doi:10.1016/S1074-
7613(00)80439-2; pmid: 8624821 - S. A. Freseet al., The evolution of host specialization in the
vertebrate gut symbiontLactobacillus reuteri.PLOS Genet. 7 ,
e1001314 (2011). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001314;
pmid: 21379339 - T. S. Stappenbeck, L. V. Hooper, J. K. Manchester, M. H. Wong,
J. I. Gordon, Laser capture microdissection of mouse intestine:
Characterizing mRNA and protein expression, and profiling
intermediary metabolism in specified cell populations.Methods
Enzymol. 356 , 167–196 (2002). doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(02)
56932-9; pmid: 12418197 - T. A. Harriset al., Resistin-like moleculeaprovides vitamin-
A-dependent antimicrobial protection in the skin.Cell
Host Microbe 25 , 777–788.e8 (2019). doi:10.1016/
j.chom.2019.04.004; pmid: 31101494 - Y. Wanget al., The intestinal microbiota regulates body
composition through NFIL3 and the circadian clock.Science 357 ,
912 – 916 (2017). doi:10.1126/science.aan0677; pmid: 28860383 - M. H. Blacket al., Bacterial pseudokinase catalyzes protein
polyglutamylation to inhibit the SidE-family ubiquitin ligases.
Science 364 , 787–792 (2019). doi:10.1126/science.aaw7446;
pmid: 31123136 - J. Behnke, P. D. Harris,Heligmosomoides bakeri: A new name
for an old worm?Trends Parasitol. 26 , 524–529 (2010).
doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.07.001; pmid: 20729145
45. M. Camberis, G. Le Gros, J. Urban Jr., Animal model of
Nippostrongylus brasiliensisandHeligmosomoides
polygyrus.Curr. Protoc. Immunol.Chapter 19, 12 (2003).
pmid: 18432905
46. C. J. Johnstonet al., Cultivation ofHeligmosomoides polygyrus:
An immunomodulatory nematode parasite and its secreted
products.J. Vis. Exp. 2015 , e52412 (2015). doi:10.3791/52412;
pmid: 25867600
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank X. Zhan for advice on the generation ofSprr2a−/−
mice; M. Spence and N. Salinas for assistance with mouse
experiments; P. Doss, R. Roman, R. Jackson, and A. Darehshouri
(UT Southwestern Electron Microscopy Core) for assistance with
electron microscopy; A. Lemoff (UT Southwestern Proteomics
Core) for assistance with mass spectrometry; B. Evers (UT
Southwestern Histopathology Core) for assistance with mouse
histology analysis; and E. Burstein for collaboration on patient
sample collection.Funding:This work was supported by NIH
grants R01 DK070855 (L.V.H.), R01 AI130020 (T.A.R.), and K99
DK120897 (Z.K.); Welch Foundation Grant I-1874 (L.V.H.); American
Heart Association Grant 17SDG33670071 (T.A.R.); Cancer
Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Grant RP200118
(T.A.R.); the Pew Charitable Trusts (T.A.R.); the Walter M. and
Helen D. Bader Center for Research on Arthritis and Autoimmune
Diseases (L.V.H.); and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute
(L.V.H.). C.M.Z., Z.K., and M.P. were supported by NIH T32 AI005284.
Author contributions:Z.H., C.Z., T.A.H.-T., T.A.R., and L.V.H.
designed research. Z.H., C.Z., L.S.-D., C.M.Z., D.C.P., Z.K., Y.W.,
M.P., K.A.R., B.H., C.L.B., B.Z., and P.R. performed research. Z.H.,
C.Z., L.S.-D., and P.R. analyzed data. Z.H., C.Z., T.A.R., and
L.V.H. wrote the paper.Competing interests:The authors declare
no competing interests.Data and materials availability: 16 S
rRNA gene sequencing data are available from the Sequence Read
Archive (SRA) under project ID PRJNA743545. All other data are
available in the main text or the supplementary materials.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe6723
Figs. S1 to S17
Tables S1 to S3
Reference ( 47 )
MDAR Reproducibility Checklist
6 September 2020; resubmitted 2 April 2021
Accepted 9 September 2021
10.1126/science.abe6723
Huet al.,Science 374 , eabe6723 (2021) 5 November 2021 13 of 13
RESEARCH | RESEARCH ARTICLE