0805852212.pdf

APPLYING KEY IDEAS

Directions: Draw tree diagrams for the following sentences. In the case of am-
biguous sentences, disambiguate with two trees.

1. Macarena put the magazine on the table.


2. Fritz went to the races and bet on Lucky Lady.


3. Fred jogged to the boardwalk and watched the skaters.


4. Ophelia DiMarco and Raul drove to Rodeo Drive.


5. Fritz took the pictures with the camera in the den.


6. Macarena invited Fred for a swim, but he was busy.


7. Fritz sent roses to Macarena, and he bought her a lovely necklace.


8. Mrs. DiMarco baked a pie and a cake.


9. Without guilt or remorse, Buggsy enforced the contract.


10. Buggsy was on the road between Los Angeles and Las Vegas.


11. Raul cleaned the sofa in the living room.
    12.Macarena and Fritz danced until dawn at China Club.

Expanding the Verb Phrase

Our description of verb phrases to this point has been rudimentary. It has not in-
cluded any specification for tense, nor has it provided any means of describing
future or aspect. To describe these features, phrase-structure grammar expands
the analysis of the verb phrase.
Some minor changes to the phrase-structure rule for verb phrases are all that
are necessary. Currently, our rule for verb phrases looks like this:

VPÆV (NP) (AdjP) (PP)

It designates NP, AdjP, and PP as optional elements of the VP.
To describe tense, we change the rule to include anauxiliary(Aux) constitu-
ent that carries tense and other features to be discussed shortly:

VPÆAux V (NP) (AdjP) (PP)

AuxÆtense

tenseÆ

past

present

ì

í

î

ü

ý

þ

(As noted earlier, the brackets around past/present indicate that one of the
two must be chosen.)

120 CHAPTER 4