An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

injection process of the diesel engine leads to the fuel dispersing as droplets within the engine. These may not always burn com ...

look at the removal process to complete the source–reservoir–sink model of trace gases that we have adopted. Our discussions hav ...

58 Chapter Three Box 3.7 Acidification of rain droplets In Box 3.4 we saw the way reactions affect the solubility of gases. It i ...

there is another source that is related to the low reactivity of some gases. Gases in the atmosphere tend to react with the OH r ...

carries. It requires ultraviolet (UV) radiation of wavelength less than 242 nm to have sufficient energy to split the oxygen mol ...

eqn. 3.35 together with an additional reaction describing the destruction process for oxygen atoms: eqn. 3.36 Note the presence ...

sources (Section 3.4.2). This natural source, however, accounts for only 25% of the chlorine which is transported across the tro ...

tion for the dramatic decrease in O 3 observed over the Antarctic continent (Fig. 3.6). Future modelling of O 3 depletion will h ...

tion. Attention must now turn to assisting developing countries, which still use CFCs to switch to alternate compounds. In the c ...

3.12 Internet search keywords The Atmosphere 65 chemical composition atmosphere troposphere partial pressure atmosphere Dalton’s ...

4 The chemistry of continental solids 4.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling Terrestrial environments consi ...

The Chemistry of Continental Solids 67 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ...

68 Chapter Four This suggests that rivers represent an important pathway of material transport (Table 4.2) and that sedimentary ...

The Chemistry of Continental Solids 69 Box 4.1 Properties of water and hydrogen bonds The water molecule H 2 O is triangular in ...

70 Chapter Four vegetation influences the global cycling of atmospheric gases and hence climate. It is clear that humans have a ...

The Chemistry of Continental Solids 71 The gaps between neighbouring spheres have one of two possible three- dimensional geometr ...

72 Chapter Four length). In real crystals, radius ratios are usually smaller or larger than this critical value of 0.414. If sma ...

The radius ratio rule is only applicable to ionic compounds. In silicate min- erals, however, it is the bonds between oxygen and ...

74 Chapter Four (MgSiO 3 ). As in monomer silicates, bonding within chains is stronger than bonding between chains, which is bet ...

(a) SiO 4 tetrahedron Apex up Apex down (b) Simplified structure for olivine O Si Mg2+ (c) Chain silicate (d) Double chain silic ...