296 Index
suspended sediments
average chemical composition 66, 67
increased loads affecting coral reefs 233
SVOCs seesemivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
temperature 96–7
and climate change 256 , 258, 259
factor in chemical weathering 94, 96
ice cores record past changes 254, 254
rising, and the greenhouse effect 39
ternary diagrams 158–61, 160
terpenes 41
Thames estuary, low oxygen concentrations 162
Thames, River, effects of 19th century sewer
development 187 , 188
thermal stratification 221
in Chesapeake Bay 187–8
thermocline 246–7
thermodynamics 98
Thiobacillus thiooxidans 158
Thiobacillus 77
thunderstorms, and convective mixing 32
tidal (reversing) flows 182
conservative and non-conservative mixing in estuaries
185, 185
topography, influencing soil-forming factors 97–9, 105
toxicity, of heavy metals 170
trace components in the atmosphere, sources 39–43
trace elements
dissolved in seawater 215
may be limiting for biological production 218
ocean circulation and its effects on distributions 230–3
trace gases in the atmosphere 35–8
natural sources 38–43, 44
residence times 36–8
steady state 36
trace substances, reactivity of in the atmosphere 44–5
transition elements, some complications 17–18
tributyl tin (TBT) 10, 10
tropical climates
arid, dry air an ineffective weathering agent 96–7
humid, rapid weathering 97
troposphere 32–3, 33
CFCs in 62
tungsten (W) 218, 219
turbidity maximum 183
turbopause 33 , 34
the universe, beginning of 2
urban atmosphere 25, 45–53
21st-century particulate pollution 52–3
London smog 46–8
Los Angeles smog 48–51, 52
US Environmental Agency, Superfund 135
PAHs as ‘priority pollutants’ 135, 136
UV radiation 258
absorbed by CFCs 62
in formation of ozone 59–60
van de Waal’s forces 92, 93
vanadium (V) 226 , 227
vapour pressure, and volatility122–3, 121
vegetation, development of 99
vertisols 105, 106 , 113
high fertility 107
volatile organic compounds 50, 122–3
reaction in the atmosphere 53
volcanoes
source of dust and gases to the atmosphere 39–40
sulphur emission remains unchanged 164 , 263
Vostok ice core 254, 254
water 68
and the hydrological cycle 7–8, 7
a polar solvent 68, 69
properties of and hydrogen bonds 69
weathering
Alpine 86
in arid environments 96–7
mobility of chemical species in relation to 105
reverse weathering reactions concept 214–15
terrestrial 12, 66
tropical humid environments 96, 105, 105 , 109
weathering processes 76–7
biological 77
chemical 77–86
physical 76
speculation concerning microbial participation in 104
see alsosoils, formation of
weathering regimes, and water chemistry 145–54
alkalinity, inorganic carbon and pH buffering 151–5
wetland environments, large-scale loss of 188
xenobiotic compounds, co-metabolism and degradation
129
Znumber (atomic number) 3 , 14–15, 28
zinc (Zn), nutrient-like behaviour 222, 224