What decision makers do in a
controversy...
(Johnson Model)What students do in argument
construction...
(This Research)- Categorize and organize their present
information and experiences so that they
derive a conclusion.
Claims present ideas. Grounds, warrants,
and backings provide “information and
experiences”.- Realize that others have a different
conclusion and that their conclusions are
being challenged and contested.
Requests for Clarification lead to
elaboration. Some Skeptical questioning
may ensue.- Become uncertain about the
correctness of their conclusion and
experience and internal state of
conceptual conflict or disequilibrium.
Additional elaboration provides “more
information, new experiences, improved
reasoning, and a more adequate cognitive
perspective.”- Actively search for more
information, new experiences, improved
reasoning, and a more adequate
cognitive perspective to resolve their
uncand attemptingertainty. This inc to understand opponents’ lude listening to
conclusions and supporting rationale.
Grounds, warrants and backings provide
the “supporting rationale.”
A Modified Claim is a gradual movement
towards acknowledging the “conceptual
confa new “position and reasoninglict.” An Alternate Claim.” represents- Activelyreasoning to opposing represent their position and group members,
thereby engaging in considerable
cognitive rehearsal of their position and
rationale.
Group members make Acknowledgment statements. Additional Support and
Grounds, warrants and backings provide
more “supporting rationale”.- Reconceptualize their position (aided
by accurate understanding of opposing
perspectives; incorporation of opposing
information and reasoning, attitude and
position changreasoning stratege; and use of higies). her level
The new idea, expressed through a
Modified Claim or Alternate Claim, is
accepted through Summarizing or
Consensus Checking that verbalizes the
“incorporation of opposingand reasoning, attitude and position information
change”.(^) Table 4-10. Creative Conflict Parallels.