abefore learners are taught speaking, there should be a period of training
in listening comprehension
bcomprehension should be taught by teaching learners to understand
meaning in the target language^1
c the learners’ level of comprehension should always exceed their ability to
produce language
dproductive language skills will emerge more naturally when learners
have well developed comprehension skills
e such an approach reflects how children learn their first language.
Although this approach has not led to a specific methodof language teach-
ing, similar principles are found in the total physical response method
and the natural approach (2).computational linguisticsn
the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. Com-
putational linguists are interested in providing computational models of
natural language processing (both production and comprehension) and
various kinds of linguistic phenomena. The work of computational linguists
is incorporated into such practical applications as speech recognition
systems, speech synthesis, automated voice response systems, web search
engines, text editors, and language instruction materials.
computer adaptive test(ing)n
also computerized adaptive test(ing)
a test administered by computer in which the difficulty level of the next item
to be presented to test takers is estimated on the basis of their responses to
previous items and adapted to match their abilities.
see adaptive testing, item response theory
computer-administered test(ing)n
see computer-based test(ing)
computer aided translationn
see computer assisted translation
computer assisted conversationn
written discussion that takes place via computer networks.
computer assisted instructionn
alsoCAI, computer assisted language learning (CALL), computer based
instruction
computer assisted instruction