reading, writing, or lip-reading English. Some manual codes such as Signed
English or the Pagett-Gorman system are based on English, and learning to
read and write English is easier for those who have learned these codes.
Those who have learned a manual method of communication normally
cannot speak, and therefore have difficulty communicating with those who
cannot use their particular sign language.
A third group of manual codes, e.g. Amerind, are based on universal
gestural codes.mapping n
see brainstorming
marginalized voicesn
the voices of those who are left out of the dominant discourse. These
may include women, immigrants, and minority language speakers.
markedness theoryn
the theory that within and across languages, certain linguistic elements can
be seen as unmarked, i.e. simple, core, or prototypical, while others are
seen as marked, i.e. complex, peripheral, or exceptional. Some markedness
relations are binary. For example, vowels can be either voiced or voiceless.
Voiced vowels are considered unmarked, while voiceless vowels (which
occur in fewer languages of the world) are marked. Other markedness rela-
tions are hierarchical. For example, the noun phrase accessibility hier-
archy refers to a range of relative clause structures that can be ordered
from least to most marked. Markedness has sometimes been invoked as
a predictor of acquisition order or direction of difficulty in second and
foreign language learning. In this view, if the target language contains
structures that are marked, these will be difficult to learn. However, if the
target language structures are unmarked they will cause little or no difficulty,
even if they do not exist in the learner’s native language. This has been called
the markedness differential hypothesis.
markern
see speech marker
masculineadj
see gender^2
mash-up n
a combination of data from multiple web services, for example, a combina-
tion of an audio or video clip with an exercise and additional text.
mapping