negative transfernegative transfer n
see language transfer
negator n
a word which makes a sentence a negative sentence. For example, English
negators include not, hardly ever, never, seldom, neither, nothing.
see also negative pronoun
negotiated syllabus n
an approach to the development of a language course in which students’
needs and learning preferences are taken into account during the course;
these needs are discussed by students and teachers together during the
course and serve to generate ideas about the content of the course. The
negotiated syllabus reflects a learner-centredapproach to teaching.
negotiation n
(in conversation) what speakers do in order to achieve successful commu-
nication. For conversation to progress naturally and for speakers to be able
to understand each other it may be necessary for them to:
aindicate that they understand or do not understand, or that they want the
conversation to continue (see feedback)
bhelp each other to express ideas (see foreigner talk)
c make corrections when necessary to what is said or how it is said (see
repair).
These aspects of the work which speakers do in order to make successful
conversation is known as negotiation, in conversational analysis.
see also accommodation, conversational maxim, ethnomethodology
negotiation of meaning n
see interaction hypothesis
neologism n
a new word or expression which has come into a language. It is often
difficult to pinpoint the exact year when a neologism appears in a language
but it has been suggested that, in English, the word non-standard has been
used regularly since about 1923 and the word null-hypothesis since about
1935.
Often neologisms are the result of the opening up of new areas of art,
science or technology. For example, the field of computer science brought
about a large range of neologisms such as user-friendly, software, floppy
disk.