participant observer) as a way of collecting data. It is claimed that an
observer who is also a participant can understand a situation more fully
than someone who is totally disengaged from it and may not actually have
first-hand knowledge of it, but participant observation also raises ethical
issues concerning overt and covert observation and informed consent on
the part of those observed.participant observern
see participant observation
participation structuren
in using language for communicative purposes, the rights and obligations
of participants with respect to who can say what, when, and to whom and
an important focus of research on classroom communication and classroom
discourse.
participlen participialadj
a non-finite verb form (see finite verb) which functions as an adjective,
and is used in passive sentences (see voice) and to form perfectand
progressive aspect. There are two participles in English, the present
participle and the past participle.
The present participle is formed by adding -ing to a verb base. It functions
as an adjective (e.g. a smilinggirl, a self-windingwatch); it is used with BE
to form the progressive(e.g. It is raining); it occurs in constructions such
as Let’s go shopping.
The past participle is usually formed by adding -ed to a verb base; excep-
tions are the -en-suffix (break – broken; fall – fallen) and some irregular
verbs (e.g. build – built). It is used as an adjective (e.g. a brokenwindow); it
is used with BE to form the passive (e.g. I was amusedby her); it is used to
form the perfect aspect (e.g. She has finished).
particlen
a term sometimes used for a word which cannot readily be identified with
any of the main parts of speech (i.e. as a noun, verb, adverb, etc.). The
word not and the toused with infinitives are sometimes called particles
for this reason, as well as up, down and similar adverbs when they function
as adverb particles.
partitiven
alsopartitive construction
a phrase used to express quantity and used with an uncountable noun (see
countable noun). There are three types of partitive in English:
participant observer