involved in language learning require not only the automatization of
knowledge and procedures but also the restructuring of information as a
central process in language learning.
2 in writing in a second or foreign language, a process that occurs during
the composing process in which the writer searches for an alternative
syntactic plan once he or she realizes, predicts or anticipates that the
original plan is not going to work. During the process of composing,
a writer may be constrained both by lack of linguistic resources but also
by a series of semantic, textual, or pragmatic concerns, necessitating
restructuring.result(ative) case n
see factitive case
resultative construction n
see construction grammar
resumptive pronoun n
a pronoun that appears in the position of a traceleft behind when forming
a wh-phrase, for example “it” in the sentence “I wonder where the book
is that I was reading it”. Resumptive pronouns are ungrammatical in
standard english, but they are acceptable or obligatory in many lan-
guages (e.g. Arabic), have been noted in first language acquisition of English,
and are common in interlanguage.
resyllabification n
see linking
retention n
the ability to recall or remember things after an interval of time. In language
teaching, retention of what has been taught (e.g. grammar rules, vocabulary)
may depend on the quality of teaching, the interest of the learners, or the
meaningfulness of the materials.
retroflex adj
describes a speech sound (a consonant) which is produced with the tip of
the tongue curled back to touch or nearly touch the hard palate at the top
of the mouth.
Many Indian languages use retroflex /t/ and /d/, [¡] and [≥] – and many
native speakers of these languages continue to use these sounds when they
speak English.
result(ative) case