input to the second rule and [bõ] could not be derived. Bleeding order is
contrasted with a feeding order, in which the output from one rule becomes the
input to another. For example, English has both a plural formation rule that
produce consonant clusters in words like testsand dogs, and consonant clus-
ter simplification rules that apply somewhat differently in different varieties.
If a speaker pronounces a word such as testsas if it were “tess”, this suggests
that plural formation has applied first and has fed (created the environment
for) the consonant simplification rule. However, if a speaker pronounces tests
as if it were “tesses”, this suggests that consonant cluster simplification
applied first and fed (created the environment for) the plural formation rule.blendn
another term for portmanteau word
see also blending.
blended learningn
the provision of learning opportunities though a combination of several
different forms of learning, typically through a combination of technology-
based resources and conventional teacher or book-based learning. Parts of a
foreign language course might be provided through a textbook, for example,
and the rest delivered online.
blendingn
also portmanteau word
in morphology, a relatively unproductive process of word formationby
which new words are formed from the beginning (usually the first phoneme
or syllable) of one word and the ending (often the rhyme) of another.
Examples of blendsformed this way are English smog(formed from smoke
and fog), vog(volcanoand fog), brunch(breakfastand lunch), and Singlish,
Taglish, and Japlishfrom Singapore English, Tagalog English, and Japanese
English, respectively.
Blending is usually not considered part of i-language.
blocking n
in morphology, a process that blocks the application of an unproductive
word formation rule, if it would produce a word with the same semantics as
an already existing word. For example, the English suffixes –ness (productive)
and –ity (unproductive) are very similar (compare curious/curiosityand
furious/furiousness). Since words such as graciousnessand gloriousness
exist, new words graciocityand gloriocitycannot be created.
see also accidental gap
blend