cerebral dominancen
also lateralization
the development of control over different functions in different parts of the
brain. As the brain develops, it is thought that different bodily functions
(e.g. speech, hearing, sensations, actions) are gradually brought under the
control of different areas of the brain. Those parts of the brain which control
language are usually in the left hemisphere. One area in the left hemisphere
is known as Broca’s area, or the speech centre, because it is an important
area involved in speech. Another area called Wernicke’s areais thought to
be involved in understanding language. Damage to these areas of the brain
leads to different types of aphasia. Whether or not there is a relationship
between lateralization and a critical period for language acquisition has
been much debated.
certificationn
a designation awarded by a professional society to assure that a person is
qualified to perform a job or task. Certification seeks to apply professional
standards in training programmes, to increase the quality of practice,
and to provide a form of accountability. In language teaching there is no
international governing body for the certification of language teachers and
certification, if it exists at all, is normally done through the state teacher
education system. Some private organizations however such as Cambridge
University and Trinity College in the UK offer initial and advanced teacher
training qualifications such as the CELTA and DELTA programmes as an
attempt to provide recognized qualifications for English language teachers.
certified interpretern
see interpreter
certified translatorn
see translator
change agentn
a person who acts as a link between different participants involved in change
in a system. For example if a new curriculum was being implemented in a
school, the teacher is a link between the curriculum planners and the learners,
and is therefore a change agent.
change from aboven
in historical linguistics and sociolinguistics, language change that reflects
mostly conscious social factors, such as the importation of a French-like
pronunciation of /r/ into German in emulation of French prestige norms, or
cerebral dominance