The reasoning behind the selection of items was as follows. Transactional leadership is generally
associated with the two LBDQ dimensions, i.e. initiating structure and consideration (House, 1995).
Both the LBDQ and the MLQ tap people-oriented leadership, but the LBDQ content emphasizes
leader participativeness, SDUWLFXODUO\ DW WKH JURXS OHYHO KHQFH WKH LWHPV ³, DP WKH RQHWDNLQJ WKH
GHFLVLRQV ́DQG³,GHOHJDWHPDQ\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWRP\SHRSOH ́KDYHEHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKHVet of items.
A study by Seltzer and Bass (1990) found that the LBDQ consideration scales correlated .69 with the
individualized consideration MLQ scale for a sample of part-time MBA students describing their
bosses at work. Besides, the MLQ includes measures of charismatic, inspirational and intellectually
stimulating leadership; additional components of transformational leadership that are not tapped by
the LBDQ (Bass et al., 2008)$VDUHVXOWWKHLWHPV³,IRFXVRQORQJWHUPREMHFWLYH ́ LQVSLUDWLRQDODQG
LQWHOOHFWXDOO\ VWLPXODWLQJ ³, FRQWLQXRXVO\ VHHN QHZ DQG LQQRYDWLYH VROXWLRQV ́ LQWHOOHFWXDOO\
VWLPXODWLQJ DQG³,PRWLYDWHP\SHRSOHE\PHDQVRIYLVLRQ ́ LQVSLUDWLRQDO DUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHVHWRI
items.
According to data collected by Seltzer and Bass (1990), LBDQ initiation and consideration may
substitute for transactional leadership, but not for transformational leadership. Much additional
variance in effectiveness was accounted for by adding the MLQ transformational leadership scores to
the LBDQ initiation and consideration scores in multiple regression equations.
Task-oriented leadership and transactional leadership seem rather similar, to the extent that
transactional leaders set goals, and reward people for achieving set targets and so do task-oriented
leaders. Preliminary evidence provided by Seltzer and Bass (1990), in contrast indicated that the
correlation was close to zero between LBDQ ratings of initiation of structure and any of the scale
scores of the MLQ. The empirical data will tell whether transactional and task-oriented leader
behaviors are distinct behavior types.
Analysis
Although the items included in the measurement stem from previous research, given the limited
number of items included and the preliminary phase of the research study, this pilot study adopted
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Pett et al., 2003). A first step in the EFA was to build a correlation
matrix. Table A.3 shows the resulting correlation matrix.