82 The Economist November 20th 2021
Science & technology
Covid-19
Reservoir dogs. And cats. And buffalo...
I
n the fieldof epidemiology, a “spill
over” is a virus that has made the leap
from one host species to another. The spill
overs of most concern to people are those
from other animals to Homo sapiens. These
may then go on to create “zoonotic” hu
man diseases—of which covid19 is be
lieved to be one (the original host of sars
cov2 is thought to have been an asyetun
determined species of bat).
Such traffic can, however, run in two di
rections. For example, in 2020 the World
Health Organisation reported that sars
cov2 had spilled over in Denmark from
human beings into farmed mink, and was
thereafter transmitted from animal to ani
mal to create a separate veterinary epidem
ic. And, earlier this month, a paper posted
on BioRxiv, an electronic host for work that
has not yet been peer reviewed, presented
evidence that the virus is also circulating
in whitetailed deer in North America, hav
ing presumably spilled over from people
there. All of which is on top of reports sug
gesting that domestic pets, especially cats
and dogs, can also pick up sarscov2—
and in the case of cats at least, can then
pass it on to others of their kind.
Spillovers of this sort are potentially se
rious, for two reasons. One is that they
create viral reservoirs beyond the easy
reach of medical science and monitoring.
Even if there are no human cases of covid
in an area, such animal reservoirs mean
that sarscov2 may still be lurking, wait
ing to spill back into people. The other is
that exposure to the immune systems of
novel hosts may drive the evolution of new
and (if they then do spill back) potentially
threatening viral strains. The mink inci
dent therefore led the governments of
Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain to
cull 18m animals and place strict lock
downs in regions around the fur farms
concerned. Treating a wild population,
such as whitetailed deer, in a similar way
would be harder. But precautions are still
possible. Raising awareness among those
who interact with the deer, such as hunt
ers, can do a lot.
These, though, are reactive approaches.
A proactive one would try to establish
which species are at greatest risk of becom
ing reservoirs for sarscov2 before they
actually do so. That would permit the mon
itoring of threats before they got out of
hand. And, as she reports this week in the
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Barbara
Han of the Cary Institute of Ecosystem
Studies, an independent environmental
research organisation based in Millbrook,
New York, thinks she has worked out a way
to achieve this.
Hidden ACEs
Starting early in 2020, just after covid
emerged, Dr Han and her colleagues fo
cused their attention on ace2, a cellmem
brane protein that had been identified al
most immediately as the virus’s point of
entry. ace2’s day job is to help regulate
blood pressure, and most vertebrates have
it in one form or another. The researchers
wanted to determine in which other verte
brate species sarscov2 might be expect
ed to bind as strongly to the local ace2re
Many animals besides humans look susceptible to covid-19. That is bad news
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