- Self-efficacy is a belief that a person’s abili-
ties and efforts can influence the events in
her or his life. A person’s sense of self-efficacy
is an important factor in coping with stress
and illness. - Hardiness is a person’s ability to resist illness
when under stress. - Resilience is a person’s ability to respond in
healthy manner to stressful circumstances or
risky situations. - Resourcefulness is demonstrated in one’s
ability to manage daily activities and is a
personal characteristic acquired through
interactions with others. - Spirituality involves the inner core of a per-
son’s being and his or her beliefs about the
meaning of life and the purpose for living.
It may include belief in God or a higher
power, the practice of religion, cultural be-
liefs and practices, and a relationship with
the environment. - Interpersonal factors that influence the
client’s response to illness include a sense of
belonging, or personal involvement in a sys-
tem or environment, and social networks,
which provide social support or emotional
sustenance. - The increasing social and cultural diversity
in the United States and Canada makes it
essential for nurses to be knowledgeable
about the health and cultural practices of
various ethnic or racial groups. To provide
competent nursing care, nurses must be sen-
sitive to and knowledgeable about factors that
influence the care of clients including issues
related to culture, race, gender, sexual orien-
tation, and social and economic situation. - Culture has the most influence on a person’s
health beliefs and behaviors. - A model for assessing clients from various
ethnic backgrounds includes six cultural
phenomena: communication techniques and
style, physical distance and space, social
organization, time orientation, environmen-
tal control, and biologic variations. - Socioeconomic status has a strong influence
on a person’s health. It may determine
whether or not the person has insurance,
adequate access to health care, or the ability
to afford prescribed treatment. - Knowledge of various cultural patterns and
differences helps the nurse begin to relate to
persons of different ethnic backgrounds. - Nurses who are unsure of a person’s social
or cultural preferences need to ask the client
directly during the initial encounter about
preferred terms of address and ways the
nurse can help support the client’s spiritual,
religious, or health practices.
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