234 Unit 3 CURRENTSOCIAL ANDEMOTIONALCONCERNS
- Dissociative disorders have the essential fea-
ture of disruption in the usually integrated
functions of consciousness, memory, identity,
and environmental perception. The four
types are dissociative amnesia, dissociative
fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and
depersonalization disorder. - Survivors of trauma and abuse may be
admitted to the hospital for safety concerns
or stabilization of intense symptoms such as
flashbacks or dissociative episodes. - The nurse can help the client to minimize
dissociative episodes or flashbacks through
grounding techniques and reality orientation. - Important nursing interventions for sur-
vivors of abuse and trauma include protect-
ing the client’s safety, helping the client
learn to manage stress and emotions, and
working with the client to build a network
of community support. - Important self-awareness issues for the
nurse include managing his or her own
feelings and reactions about abuse, being
willing to ask about abuse, and recognizing
and dealing with any abuse issues the nurse
may have experienced personally.
For further learning, visit http://connection.lww.com.
REFERENCES
American Bar Association Commission on Domestic
Violence (2002). Statistics on domestic violence.
Retrieved August 18, 2002, from http://www.abanet.
org.domviol/stats.html
American Medical Association. (1999). http://www.
ama-assn.org/
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders(rev. 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Ashur, M. L. C. (1993). Asking about domestic violence:
SAFE questions. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 269(18), 2367.
Barnett, O. W. (2001). Why battered women do not leave,
part 2. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2(1), 3 – 35.
Benham, E. (1995). Coping strategies: A psycho-
educational approach. Journal of Psychosocial
Nursing, 33(6), 30– 35.
Biernet, W. (2000). Child maltreatment. In B. J. Sadock
& V. A. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psy-
chiatry, Vol. 2(7th ed.), pp. 2878 –2889. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1999).
http://www.cdc.gov/cdc.html
Clark, C. C. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder: How to
support healing. American Journal of Nursing, 97(8),
27– 32.
De Vries, A. P. J., Kassam-Adams, N. & Caan, A.
(1999). Looking beyond the physical injury: Post-
traumatic stress disorder in children and parents
after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 104(6),
1293 –1299.
Gerlock, A. A. (2001). A profile of who completes and
who drops out of domestic violence rehabilitation.
(2001). Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22,
379– 400.
Goldstein, M. Z. (2000). Elder abuse, neglect, and
exploitation. In B. J. Sadock & V. A. Sadock (Eds.),
Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, Vol. 2(7th ed.,
pp. 3179– 3184). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.
Henderson, A. D. (1994). Enhancing nurses’ effectiveness
with abused women. Journal of Psychosocial Nurs-
ing, 32(3), 11–15.
Holt, V. L., Kernic, M. A., Lumley, T., Wolf, M. E., &
Rivara, F. P. (2002). Civil protection orders and
risk of subsequent police-reported violence. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 288(5),
589 – 594.
Ladebauche, P. (1997). Childhood trauma: When to
suspect abuse. RN, 60(9), 38 – 43.
Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, G. E.,
Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002). A 12-year prospec-
tive study of the long-term effects of early child
physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral,
and academic problems in adolescence. Archives
of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 156(8),
824– 830.
Mattson, S., & Rodriguez, E. (1999). Battering in
pregnant Latinos. Issues in Mental Health Nursing,
20 (4), 405– 422.
McAllister, M. M. (2000). Dissociative identity disorder;
A literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and
Mental Health Nursing, 7,25 – 33.
Mullen, P. E., Pathe, M., Purcell, R., & Stuart, G. W.
(1999). Study of stalkers. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 156(8), 1244 –1249.
Paulk, D. (1999). Recognizing child abuse, child abusers,
and individuals who are likely to abuse. Physician’s
Assistant, 23(5), 38 – 42.
Reyes-Ortiz, C. A. (2001). Neglect and self-neglect of the
elderly in long term care. Annals of Long-Term Care,
9 (2), 21– 24.
Scarpa, A. (2001). Community violence exposure in a
young adult sample: Lifetime prevalence and socio-
economic effects. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,
16 (1), 36–53.
Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K.,
Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological
reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the Na-
tional Study of American’s reactions. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 288(5), 581– 588.
Scobie, J., & McGuire, M. (1999). Professional issues:
The silent enemy: Domestic violence during preg-
nancy. British Journal of Midwifery, 7(4), 259–262.
The State University of New York–University of Buffalo,
Counseling Center. (1999). http://ub-counseling.
buffalo.edu/warnings.shtml
Van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Physical and sexual abuse
of adults. In B. J. Sadock & V. A. Sadock (Eds.),
Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, Vol. 2(7th ed.,
pp. 2002–2008). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams,
& Wilkins.
Veenema, T. G. (2001). Children’s exposure to community
violence. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(2),
167–173.