12 GRIEF ANDLOSS 261
continued from page 260Sharing grief and experiences with others can
help the client to identify and express feelings
and to feel normal in grieving. Dwelling on grief
in social interactions, however, can result in other
people’s discomfort with their own feelings and
may lead to friends and significant others avoiding
the client.The client may be unaware of the physical stress
of the loss or may lack interest in activities of
daily living. Physical exercise can relieve tension
or pent-up feelings in a healthy, nondestructive
manner.These people may have little or no knowledge of
grief or the process involved in recovery.The grief process allows the client to adjust to a
change in his or her life and to begin to move to-
ward future opportunities.Promote sharing, communicating, expressing
feelings, and support among clients. Use larger
groups (such as open report) for a general discus-
sion of loss and grief (with or without focusing on
this client’s loss). Also help the client to realize
that there are limits to sharing grief in a social
context.Point out to the client that a major aspect of loss
is a real physical stress. Encourage good nutri-
tion, hydration, and elimination as well as ade-
quate rest and daily physical exercise (such as
walking, running, swimming, or cycling) in the
hospital and after discharge.Teach the client (and his or her family or signifi-
cant others) about the grief process.Point out to the client that time spent grieving
can be nurturing, that is a time of learning and
growth from which to gather the strength to go
forward.Adapted from Schultz, J. M., & Videbeck, S. L. (2002). Lippincott’s manual of psychiatric nursing care plans, (6th ed.). Philadel-
phia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.REFERENCES
Albert, P. L. (2001). Grief and loss in the workplace.
Progress in Transplantation, 11(3), 169.
http://psychiatry.medscape.com/NATCO
Aquilera, D. C., & Messick, J. M. (1982). Crisis interven-
tion: Theory and methodology.St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Bonanno, G. A. (2001). New direction in bereavement re-
search and theory. American Behavioral Scientist,
44 (5), 718–725.
Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an inte-
grative perspective on bereavement. Psychological
Bulletin, 125(6), 760–776.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sad-
ness, and depression.New York: Basic Books.
Davis, C. G., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). How do peo-
ple make sense of loss? American Behavioral Scien-
tist, 44(5), 726–741.
Enright, B. P., & Marwit, S. J. (2002). Diagnosing compli-
cated grief: A closer look. Journal of Clinical Psychol-
ogy, 58(7), 747–757.
Harvey, J. H., & Miller, E. D. (1998). Toward a psychol-
ogy of loss. Psychological Science, 9(6), 429.
http://web6.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/in
Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying.New York:
Macmillan.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality.New
York: Harper.
McBride, J. (2001). Death in the family: Adapting a fam-
ily systems framework to the grief process. American
Journal of Family Therapy, 29(1), 59–73.
Minarik, P. A. (1996). Diversity among spiritual and reli-
gious beliefs. In J. G. Lipson, S. L. Dibble, & P. A.
Minarik (Eds.). Culture & nursing care: a pocket guide
(pp. B1–B21). San Francisco: UCSF Nursing Press.
Nelson, P. B. (2002). Rites of passage in America: tradi-
tions of the life cycle[Online]. Available: http://
http://www.balchinstitute.org/museum/rites/reviving.html
Parkes, C. M. (1998). Coping with loss: Bereavement in
adult life. British Medical Journal, 316(7134),
856–859.
Rando, T. A. (1984). Grief, dying and death: Clinical
interventions for caregivers.Champaign, IL:
Research Press.
Rodebaugh, L. S., Schwindt, R. G., & Valentine, F. M.
(1999). How to handle grief with wisdom. Nursing,
29,52.
Rotter, J. C. (2000). Family grief and mourning. Family
Journal, 8(3), 275–279.
Schultz, J. M., & Videbeck, S. L. (2002). Lippincott’s
manual of psychiatric nursing care plans(6th ed.).
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.