- Vasodilation resulting from:
- Sepsis
- Anaphylaxis
- Antihypertensive medications or other medications that cause vasodilation
Intrarenal Failure
- Prolonged renal ischemia resulting from:
- Pigment nephropathy (associated with the break-down of blood cells containing
pigments that in turn occlude kidney structures)
- Myoglobinuria (trauma, crush injuries, burns)
- Hemoglobinuria (transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia)
- Nephrotoxic agents such as:
- Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin, amicacin)
- Radiopaque contrast agents
- Heavy metals (lead, mercury)
- Solvents and chemicals (ethylene glycol, carbon tetrachloride, arsenic)
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
- Infectious processes such as:
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Acute glomerulonephritis
Postrenal failure
- Urinary tract obstruction, including:
- Calculi (stones)
- Tumors
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Strictures
- Blood clots