first bleeding episode is 45% to 50%; it is one of the major causes of death in
patients with cirrhosis
Clinical Manifestations
The patient with bleeding esophageal varices may present with hematemesis,
melena, or general deterioration in mental or physical status and often has a
history of alcohol abuse.
Signs and symptoms of shock (cool clammy skin, hypotension, tachycardia)
may be present.
71