The serum level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which serves as a tumor marker, is
elevated in 30% to 40% of patients with primary liver cancer. Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a marker of advanced cancer of the
digestive tract, may be elevated. These two markers together are useful to distinguish between metastatic liver
disease and primary liver cancer. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings X-rays, liver scans, CT scans, ultrasound studies, MRI, arteriography, and
laparoscopy may be part of the diagnostic workup and may be performed to
determine the extent of the cancer. Confirmation of a tumor‘s histology can be made by biopsy under imaging
guidance (CT scan or ultrasound .)Medical Management
Surgical resection of the tumor is possible in some patients, but cirrhosis
(prevalent in liver cancer), increases the risks associated with surgery. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy showed varying degrees of success. An implantable pump has been used to deliver a high concentration of
chemotherapy to the liver through the hepatic artery. This method provides a
reliable, controlled, and continuous infusion of medication that can be carried
out in the patient‘s home.Percutaneous Biliary Drainage
Percutaneous biliary or transhepatic drainage is used to bypass biliary ducts
obstructed by liver, pancreatic, or bile duct tumors in patients with inoperable
tumors or in those considered poor surgical risks. A catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall and past the obstruction into
the duodenum. Such procedures are used to reestablish biliary drainage, relieve
pressure and pain from the buildup of bile behind the obstruction, and decrease
pruritus and jaundice.Surgical Management
Surgical resection is the treatment of choice when HCC is confined to one lobe
of the liver and the function of the remaining liver is considered adequate for
postoperative recovery.