The pure animal styles of boxing exude a certain amount of individ-
ual showmanship in the same way as does the Drunken Style, which is said
to have evolved from an ancient dance, and some other particularly acro-
batic styles. These are all basically popular folk styles as opposed to no-
frills, military hand-to-hand combat styles, whose techniques can be seen
subsumed in some existing styles, but whose separate identity has essen-
tially been lost in modern times.
Stanley E. Henning
See alsoBaguazhang (Pa Kua Ch’uan); Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, Chinese
Shaolin Styles; Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan)
References
Cheng Dali. 1995. Zhongguo Wushu: Lishi yu Wenhua (Chinese Martial
Arts: History and Culture). Chengdu: Sichuan University Press.
Qi Jiguang. 1988 [1561].Jixiao Xinshu(New Book of Effective Discipline).
Ma Mingda, ed. Beijing: People’s Physical Culture Press.
Tang Hao. 1930. Shaolin Wudang Kao(Shaolin Wudang Research). 1968.
Reprint, Hong Kong: Unicorn Press.
Wu Dianke et al., ed. 2000. Xingyi Quanshu Daquan(Complete Book of
Xingyi Boxing). Taiyuan: Shanxi People’s Press.
Xi Yuntai. 1985. Zhongguo Wushu Shi(Chinese Martial Arts History). Bei-
jing: People’s Physical Culture Press.
Xu Cai et al., ed. 1993. Zhongguo Wushu Quanxie Lu(Record of Chinese
Boxing and Weapons Styles). Beijing: People’s Physical Culture Press.
Yu, Anthony C., ed. and trans. 1984. The Journey to the West.
4 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Archery, Japanese
The practice of kyûdô or Japanese Archery is traced to two roots: ceremo-
nial archery associated with Shintô and combative archery developing from
warfare and hunting. Kyûdô has been called the earliest martial sport of
Japan, as the warrior and noble classes used it for recreational hunting.
Kyûdô was also considered to be one of the primary arts of a warrior, and
the Japanese attachment to it and swordsmanship was so great that Japan
rejected the use of firearms in the seventeenth century in favor of tradi-
tional arms.
The history of kyûdô is claimed to go back to the possibly mythical
Emperor Jimmu (660 B.C.), who is always portrayed holding a longbow.
Certain court rituals, probably imported from China, involved archery, and
skill in ceremonial archery was considered a requirement of a refined man.
During the ancient period, mentions of a Taishi-ryûof archery are found
about A.D. 600. About 500 years later, Henmi Kiyomitsi founded what is
generally accepted as the first kyûdôryûha(style), the Henmi-ryû.His de-
scendants later founded the Takeda-and Ogasawara-ryû.The Genpei War
(1180–1185) led to an increased demand for warriors to develop archery18 Archery, Japanese