and were now names for the war memorial; it was just that there was noth-
ing to be said” (1995, 88–89).
Group solidarity.Immigrant groups often encourage their children to
participate in national games as a way of keeping them in touch with na-
tional traditions. Examples include German American Turnverein(Ger-
man; gymnastic associations; see Chronology, 1811) and Japanese Ameri-
can jûdô clubs. At another level, as early as the fourteenth century Ibn
Khaldun identified the role group that group solidarity played in combat,
and more recently William H. McNeill noted that “keeping together in
time” (that is, marching, drilling, and performing kata in groups) is one of
the ways to develop such solidarity.
Honor and reputation.According to Homer, the Fates gave Achilles,
golden-haired son of Peleus, the choice between a short life crowned by
everlasting fame and a long life that no one would remember. The youth
Social Uses of the Martial Arts 533Medieval judicial combat, trial by combat inside a fenced ring, 1350. The victor would be deemed to have been vindi-
cated by God. (Hulton Getty/Archive Photos)