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August House Publishers.“Soft” Chinese Martial Arts
See External vs. Internal Chinese Martial ArtsSôhei
See Warrior Monks, Japanese/SôheiSoutheast Asia
Southeast Asia consists of contemporary Myanmar (Burma), Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. These countries occupy
both peninsular and island landforms, with China to the north and India
to the west. Many of the distinctive cultural institutions, including the mar-
tial systems, were shaped by Indian and Chinese civilizations. The influence
of Indian religions, in particular, is highlighted by the labeling of Southeast
Asian civilizations as Hindu-Buddhist.
Although information regarding the earliest cultures in the area is
sketchy at best, archaeological evidence indicates that the area was popu-
lated gradually and undramatically. Early immigrants of Malayan stock
formed the core of the indigenous population. The earliest cultures owe a
debt to southwestern China, and the religions were animistic. Much later
with the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism (Mahayana, followed a few
centuries later by Hinayana) from India and, beginning in the thirteenth
century, Islam, many of these indigenous practices were absorbed into the
imported religions. Animistic principles may still be seen in Southeast Asian
martial systems.538 “Soft” Chinese Martial Arts