See alsoAnimal and Imitative Systems in Chinese Martial Arts; Baguazhang
(Pa Kua Ch’uan); Boxing, Chinese; External vs. Internal Chinese Martial
Arts; Karate, Okinawan; Kung Fu/Gung Fu/Gongfu; Political Conflict
and the Martial Arts; Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan); Xingyiquan (Hsing I
Ch’uan); Yongchun/Wing Chun
References
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Draeger, Donn, and Robert Smith. 1986. Comprehensive Asian Fighting
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Henning, Stanley E. 1997. “Chinese Boxing: The Internal versus External
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———. 1998. “Reflections on a Visit to the Shaolin Monastery.” Journal of
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———. 1998. “Southern Fists and Northern Legs: The Geography of
Chinese Boxing.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts7, no. 3: 24–31.
Naquin, Susan. 1985. “The Transmission of White Lotus Sectarianism in
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Ratti, Oscar, and Adele Westbrook. 1973. Secrets of the Samurai: The
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Wang Hongjun. 1988. Tales of the Shaolin Monastery.Translated by C. J.
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Wong Kiew Kit. 1966. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu
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Burbank, CA: Unique Publications.Boxing, European
Boxing is an ancient martial art combining hand strikes, controlled aggres-
sion, evasiveness, and bone-crushing force. The term boxingderives from
the box shape of the closed hand, or fist, which in Latin is pugnus(hence
the alternative terms pugilismand fisticuffs). Pungent,sharing the Indo-Eu-
ropean root, describes the art rightly executed: “sharply painful, having a
stiff or sharp point; marked by sharp incisive quality; caustic; being sharp44 Boxing, European