autonomous, while other instructors, such as the Machado brothers
(nephews and students of Carlos Gracie), refer to their systems as Brazil-
ian, as distinct from Gracie, jiu-jitsu.
Thomas A. Green
Joseph Svinth
See alsoJûdô; Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
References
Barbosa de Medeiros, Rildo Heros, “The History of Judo: The Arrival to
Brazil: Count Koma.” http://www.Judobrasil.com.br/komtr.htm.
Gorsuch, Mark, “Mitsuyo Maeda (Count Koma) Biography” http://
bjj.org/interviews/maeda.html.
Harrison, E. J. 1982. The Fighting Spirit of Japan.Woodstock, NY:
Overlook Press.
Kimura, Masahiko. My Judo.http://www.judoinfo.com/kimura2.htm
Lima, Andre Alex. 1999. “Who’s Who in the Gracie Family.” In Martial
Arts Masters.Burbank, CA: C.F.W. Enterprises, 102–109.
Marushima, Takao. 1997. Maeda Mitsuyo: Conde Koma.Tokyo: Shimazu
Shobo.
Smith, Robert W. 1999. “Kimura.” In Martial Musings: A Portrayal of
Martial Arts in the 20th Century.Erie, PA: Via Media Publishing Co.
Wang, George. “History of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu.” http://www.geocities.
com/Colosseum/5389/maeda.html.
Williams, James, and Stanley A. Pranin. “Interview with Rorion Gracie.”
Aikido Journal105 (Fall 1995). http://www.aikidojournal.com/articles/
ajInterviews/RorionGracie.asp.Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei
Editorial note: Bracketed number codes in this entry refer to the list of
ideograms that follows.
The meaning and usage of the terms budô, bujutsu,and bugeias appella-
tions for the martial arts of Japan are subjects of considerable confusion
and misinformation among practitioners and aficionados of these arts—
Japanese as well as Western. Among modern authorities in Japan the terms
have acquired a more or less conventional usage adopted mainly to facili-
tate discussion of the multiple goals and purposes of combative training:
Bujutsu (warrior skills [1]) describes the various Japanese martial disci-
plines in their original function as arts of war; budô (the warrior’s way [2])
denotes the process by which the study of bujutsu becomes a means to self-
development and self-realization; and bugei (warrior arts [3]) is a catchall
term for the traditional Japanese military sciences, embracing both bujutsu
and budô.
It must be stressed, however, that such precise usage is modern—
adopted for analytical purposes—not traditional. Projecting it backward
into earlier times, as much literature on Japanese martial art does, is
anachronous.56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei