A History of Western Philosophy

investiture, 415 -416, 430 , 431

Iona, 376

Ionia, -ns, 7 , 8 , 9 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 90 , 110 ; and Athens, 79 , 80 ;

commercial cities of, 24 -25; and culture, 28 , 58 ; and Homer, 12 ; laws

of, 101 ; and Persia, 13 , 28 , 58 , 79 ; and philosophy, 21 , 41 , 48 , 55 ,

61 , 62 , 65

Iphigenia, 12 , 249

Ireland, 343 *, 366 , 376 , 381 , 386 , 394 , 401 -402, 406

Irene, Empress in Constantinople ( 752-803), 389 , 392 , 421

iron, 8 , 26 , 113

irrationals, 209 -210, 211

irrigation, 422

Isabella, Queen of Castile and León, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon

( 14511504), 555

Isaiah, 312 ; quoted, 313

Ishtar, 5 , 310

Islam, 316 , 325 , 399 , 420 , 421 , 429 , 757. See also Mohammedans

Ispahan, 424

Israel, 309 , 361

Istria, 383

Italy, 30 , 338 , 361 , 412 , 452 , 547 , 559 , 582 ; Arians in, 334 -335;

and Attila, 367 ; and Charlemagne, 389 , 392 ; cities of, 185 , 433 , 482 ,

509 ; civilization of, 375 , 443 ; Cluniac Reform in, 411 ; commercial

class in, 304 ; and Donation of Constantine, 392 ; Erasmus in, 513 , 514

; episcopal elections in, 431 ; in 15th cent, 486 , 493 , 505 ; and

Germany, 431 , 738 ; and Goths, 367 , 369 ; Inquisition in, 524 ;

humanism in, 486 ; rise of laity in, 479 ; landholding in, 634 ; Lombards

and Byzantines in, 388 -389; in Middle Ages, 429 , 487 ; modern

outlook begins in, 495 ; and Napoleon, 750 ; Normans in, 399 , 414 ;

and Frederick II, 446 ; politics in, 304 , 495 500, 505 ; and papacy, 304 ,

390 , 414 , 480 ; power of government in, 555 ; pragmatism in, 828 ;

Reformation and Counter-Reformation as rebellion against, 522 -523;

Renaissance in, 492 , 493 , 494 503, 505 , 507 , 517 , 525 , 526 ; and

Rome, 262 , 271 , 272 , 302 ; and science, 492 , 534 ; in 6th cent., 374

-375, 382 ; under Theodoric, 369 -370; in 10th cent., 397 ; unity of, 503 ,

507 ; under Valentinian II, 336. See also northern Italy; Rome; southern

Italy

Jacobin (s), -ism, 639 , 642