mathematics, 33 , 34 ; in Athens, 60 , 61 , 80 ; in Alexandria, 61 , 223 ; and
Aquinas, 462 ; and Arabs, 427 ; and Aristotle, 170 ; and astronomy, 131 -132,
208 , 212 -217; and atomists, 68 *; and Francis Bacon, 543 , 545 ; and Roger
Bacon, 463 , 464 , 465 ; and Bergson, 795 , 803 -805; and Continental
philosophy, 546 ; and deductive logic, 830 ; and Descartes, 558 , 560 , 561 ,
566 ; and empiricism, 546 , 828 , 834 ; and Greeks, 3 , 12 , 39 , 208 , 212
-217; in Hellenistic age, 218 ; and Hobbes, 546 ; and Hume, 663 , 664 ; and
induction, 199 ; and Kant, 707 , 713 ; and knowledge, 139 , 609 , 663 , 832 ,
834 ; and Locke, 606 ; and logical analysis, 831 ; in Magna Grecia, 48 ; and
nous, 289 ; and philosophy, 223 , 831 , 835 ; and Plato, 105 , 106 , 120 , 124 ,
126 , 132 , 137 , 148 , 155 , 159 , 168 ; and Plotinus, 288 ; and Pythagoras, 29
, 31 , 32 , 33 -34, 137 , 828 829; and scholasticism, 439 ; in 17 th cent., 525 ,
536 ; and Socrates, 136 ; and Stoics, 258 ; and syllogisms, 198 -199; and
theology, 37 , 820 ; words of, 159
matter, 47 , 62 , 325 , 655 , 832 , 833 ; and Aristotle, 162 , 165 -167, 170 ,
171 , 205 ; defined, 658 -659; and Bergson, 792 , 794 , 795 , 797 , 808 , 809 ,
810 ; and Berkeley, 647 , 649 , 702 ; and Descartes, 70 ; and Duns Scotus,
467 ; and Hegel, 736 ; and Hume, 702 ; and Kant, 704 , 715 ; and Marx, 784
-785; and Plato, 146 -147; and Plotinus, 292 , 293 ; and space, 69 -70; and
truth, 681. See also mind and matter Matter and Memory ( Bergson), 796
-798, 808 Matthew, 326 ; cited, 320 ; quoted, 327
Matthew of Aquasparta, Franciscan scholastic philosopher ( 1235?1302), 463
, 466
Maupertuis, President of Berlin Academy (contemporary of Voltaire), 721
Maurice (Flavius Tiberius Mauritius), Roman Emperor in the East ( 539 ?-
602 ), 385 , 386 Maurois, quoted, 751 *
Maximus (Magnus Clemens Maximus), Roman Emperor in the West (reigned
383 -388), 336 , 338
Maya, 756 , 758
Mazzini, Giuseppe, Italian patriot ( 1805-1872), 683 meaning, 822. See also
language; words means, 510 , 744
Mecca, 419 *, 422
mechanical explanations, 63 , 66 , 67 , 106 mechanics, 203 -204, 832
mechanism, 561 -563, 727 , 793
Medea (Euripides), 546
Medes, 221 , 280 , 310
Medici, Italian family, rulers of Florence (fl. 14 th-18th cents.), 9 , 497 498,
500 , 501 , 505 , 506 , 522 , 769
Medici, Cosimo dei, Italian financier and patron of the arts, ruler of
Florentine republic ( 1389-1464), 497 , 501