spatio-temporal relations, 664
specialization, in Hellenistic world, 223 , 224
Spengler, Oswald, German philosopher of history ( 1880-1936), 735
spermatozoa, 536
Sphaerus, Stoic philosopher (fl. ca. 300-250 B.C.), 269
Spinoza, Baruchor Benedict, Dutch Jewish philosopher ( 1634-1677), 37 ,
286 , 444 , 569 -580, 581 , 755 , 767 , 786 , 828 ; and Descartes, 561 , 570
, 571 ; and ethics, 569 , 570 -577, 578 , 580 , 644 ; and God, 123 , 168 ,
405 *, 569 , 571 , 572 , 573 -577, 644 ; and Hegel, 494 , 731 , 735 , 742 ;
in Holland, 559 , 569 ; influence of, 642 ; and Leibniz, 569 , 582 , 583 ,
584 , 586 , 593 ; and logic, 572 , 578 , 595 ; and Maimonides, 323 , 428 ;
pantheism of, 353 , 571 ; and State, 570 , 739 ; and subiectivism, 493 ; and
substance, 571 , 578 , 583 , 591 ; quoted, 572 -578, 580
spirit, 288 , 289 , 302 , 303 , 325 , 328 , 797 , 798 ; and Hegel, 734 , 736 ,
737 , 740 , 784
Spirituals, 450 , 468
Spoleto, 377
square root of 2 , 209
Stagirite. See Aristotle
Stagyra, 160
Stalin, Joseph (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), Marshal, Russian
political leader (b. 1879), 642 , 820
stars, 26 , 63 , 212 , 257 , 292 , 527 , 349 , 371 , 527 ; and Aristarchus, 215
; and Aristotle, 207 ; and Plotinus, 291 , 296 , 297
State(s), 34 , 179 , 491 , 556 , 640 , 727 , 744 , 780 , 789 ; alternative to
anarchy, 555 , 556 -557; and St. Ambrose, 335 , 336 ; and Aristotle, 161 ,
185 -186, 188 , 192 -194; Athenian, 59 , 133 ; becomes Christian, 329 ,
332 ; Corporate, 699 ; dictatorial, 600 ; and Fascism or Nazism, 98 , 770 ,
785 ; and Fichte, 704 ; and Hegel, 704 , 739 -742, 743 , 744 ; and Hobbes,
546 , 555 ; Jewish, 313 , 363 ; Kant recommends federation of, 712 ; and
Locke, 628 , 640 ; and Macedonians, 230 ; and Machiavelli, 546 ; and
Marxism, 785 ; modem, 107 , 177 , 491 ; and Nietzsche, 763 ; and Origen,
329 ; and Plato, 106 , 107 , 108 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 188 ; and
Protestants, 470 , 523 , 524 , 560 ; religion, in antiquity, 5 , 19 , 22 , 31 ,
239 , 261 ; and Rousseau, 694 701; and Socrates, 83 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 151 ;
Spartan, 95 , 96 , 98 ; universal, 282 ; world, 741 , 742. See also Church;
totalitarianism
state of nature, 623 -629, 640 , 688 , 695 , 696
States of the Church, 109 , 391
Statue of Liberty, 156