CHAPTER 15 Pain Management^545
TREATMENT
- Physical therapy.
- Analgesics.
- Pain relievers.
- Neuroleptics:
- gabapentin
- pregabalin
NURSING DIAGNOSES
- Pain, discomfort
- Powerlessness
- Grieving
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- Heat.
- Massage.
- Explain to the patient:
- Nerve conduction.
- Medications, timing, and side effects.
Substance Use Disorders
Substance abuse is defined as an irresistable urge for drugs, alcohol, or other
substances, including physical, physiological, and psychological longings, and
a need for more and greater dosages to satisfy the cravings. Abused substances
produce euphoria and intoxication, which include changes in mental status,
decreased coordination, and slurred speech. Seizures and loss of consciousness
are late signs. Usual abused substances include alcohol, club or illegal drugs,
and cigarettes. However, food, caffeine, and sex may be included in some def-
initions.
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