- Teacher-made assessment strategies
organization in a large project). When the teacher is white and the student or parents are minority, trust can be an
issue so using “wise” feedback when talking to parents may help.
Action research: studying yourself and your students.................................................................................
Assessment for learning emphasizes devising and conducting assessment data in order to improve teaching and
learning and so is related to action research (also called teacher research). In Chapter 1, we described action
research as studies conducted by teachers of their own students or their own work. Action research can lead to
decisions that improve a teacher’s own teaching or the teaching of colleagues. Kym, the teacher we described at the
beginning of this chapter, conducted action research in her own classroom as she identified a problem of poor
student motivation and achievement, investigated solutions during the course on motivation, tried new approaches,
and observed the resulting actions.
Cycles of planning, acting and reflecting
Action research is usually described as a cyclical process with the following stages (Mertler, 2006).- Planning Stage. Planning has three components. First, planning involves identifying and defining a
problem. Problems sometimes start with some ill defined unease or feeling that something is wrong and it
can take time to identify the problem clearly so that it becomes a researchable question. The next step, is
reviewing the related literature and this may occur within a class or workshop that the teachers are
attending. Teachers may also explore the literature on their own or in teacher study groups. The third step
is developing a research plan. The research plan includes what kind of data will be collected (e.g. student
test scores, observation of one or more students, as well as how and when it will be collected (e.g. from files,
in collaboration with colleagues, in spring or fall semester). - Acting sage. During this stage the teacher is collecting and analyzing data. The data collected and the
analyses do not need to be complex because action research, to be effective, has to be manageable. - Developing an action plan. In this stage the teacher develops a plan to make changes and implements these
changes. This is the action component of action research and it is important that teachers document their
actions carefully so that they can communicate them to others. - Communicating and reflection. An important component of all research is communicating information.
Results can be shared with colleagues in the school or district, in an action research class at the local
college, at conferences, or in journals for teachers. Action research can also involve students as active
participants and if this is the case, communication may include students and parents. Communicating with
others helps refine ideas and so typically aids in reflection. During reflection teachers/researchers ask such
questions as: “What did I learn?” “What should I have done differently?” “What should I do next?”
Questions such as these often lead to a new cycle of action research beginning with planning and then
moving to the other steps.
Ethical issues—privacy, voluntary consent
Teachers are accustomed to collecting students’ test scores, data about performances, and descriptions of
behaviors as an essential component of teaching. However, if teachers are conducting action research and they plan
to collect data that will be shared outside the school community then permission from parents (or guardians) and
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