Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra, 155
Fundamental Theorem of
the Calculus, 231
Furlong, 44G
Galen, 21
Galileo Galilei, 54, 252, 253
(ill.), 383
Gallon, 48–49
Galois, Evariste, 155
Galois field, 160
“Gambler’s ruin,” 252–53
Gambling, 428
Game theory, 271
Games
betting odds, 428–29
bridge, 431–32
cards, 431–32
casino’s/house edge,
432–33, 433 (ill.)
craps, 434
definition of, 428
dice, 433
gambling, 428
lottery, 429, 430
poker, 431–32
Powerball Lottery, 430
probability vs. odds,
429–30
Gardner, Martin, 452
Gas meters, 401–2
Gauss, Johann Friedrich
Carl, 30, 77 (ill.)
differential geometry, 207
Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra, 155
Gaussian plane, 199
hyperbolic geometry, 206
imaginary numbers, 77
Gaussian Probability Distrib-
ution, 401
General Conference on
Weights and Measures, 50
General solution, 233
Geodetic surveying, 330
Geology
angles, 297, 299 (ill.)
carat, 299–300crystals, 299, 300 (ill.)
definition of, 295
earthquake intensity,
300–302
Earth’s measurements,
295–96, 296 (ill.)
Earth’s rotational speed,
296
geologic time scale,
296–97, 298 (ill.)
global climate change,
303–4, 303 (ill.)
mean sea level, 303
modeling, 300
Mohs’ Scale of hardness,
301, 301 (table)
Precambrian Era, 297
Richter Scale, 301–2
rock layers, 297, 299 (ill.)
sea level, 302, 302 (ill.)
sidereal/solar days, 297
simulation, 300
Geometric mean, 259
Geometric measurements.
See alsoAnalytic geometry;
Geometry; Plane geometry;
Solid geometry; Trigonom-
etry
Archimedes and area of
circle, 190
circle, 189
circle, area of, 189, 190
(ill.)
lateral surface areas, 191
sphere, surface area, lat-
eral area, and volume
of, 191
surface area, 189
three-dimensional geo-
metric figure, surface
area of, 190–91
three-dimensional geo-
metric figure, volume
of, 190–91
transformations, 191–92
two-dimensional geomet-
ric figure, area of, 188
two-dimensional geomet-
ric figure, perimeter of,
188
two-dimensional poly-
gons, area of, 188–89Geometric sequence, 216
Geometric series, 217
Geometric transformations,
191–92
Geometry. See alsoAnalytic
geometry; Geometric mea-
surements; Plane geome-
try; Solid geometry;
Trigonometry
angles, 173 (ill.), 173–75,
174 (ills.), 175 (ill.)
bisect, 177, 177 (ill.)
building blocks of,
171–72
curve, 171
definition of, 165
dimensions, 169–70
divisions within, 165
Elements(Euclid), 167
elliptical, 205–6
Euclidean, 168, 206
Euclidean space, 170–71
Greeks and, 166–68
hyperbolic, 205, 206
indirect proof, 178
Islamic patterns, 375–76,
376 (ill.)
lines, 175, 176
mathematical space,
168–69
Monge, Gaspard, 168
non-Euclidean, 205–6,
207
origin of, 166
parallel, 172 (ill.), 172–73
postulates, 177–78
postulates of Euclid, 167
projective, 205
proofs, 178
theorems, 178
topological structure, 206
topology, 206–7
Viète, François, 168
Geophysics, 283
Germain, Sophie, 84
Gestures, 4
Gibson, William, 455
Gigantic prime, 84
GIMPS, 86
Global climate change, 303
492 (ill.), 303–4Handy Math BM 8/19/07 5:18 PM Page 492