O
Obelus, 95–96
Obtuse angle, 174
Obtuse triangle, 182, 182
(ill.)
Octal system, 6
Odds, 428–31
Odin, 386–87
Ohm, Georg Simon, 279
Ohm’s Law, 279–80
Omar Khayyám, 22, 23
On-base plus sluggage,
434–35
One dimension, 169–70
1 to 999(Asimov), 455
One-to-one correspondence,
78, 79 (ill.), 127
One-to-one function, 198
Open sets, 124
Operational calculus, 328
Operations research, 269,
270, 271
Optics, 283
Optimization, 270
Orbital mechanics, 344–45,
345 (ill.)
Order, 232
Ordered pair, 128, 193
Ordered triples, 195
Ordinal numbers, 79–81,
80–81 (table), 126
Ordinary differential equa-
tions, 232
Ordinate, 193
Origin, 195
Orthogonal lines, 176
Osborn’s rule, 205
Oughtred, William, 40, 94,
146, 357
Ounces, 47–48
Outcome, 249
Outward normal, 238P
Pace, 44
Pacioli, Luca, 334, 374–75,
391
Painting, 373–75
Paleozoic Era, 298 (ill.)Pappas, Theoni, 456
Pappus of Alexandria, 16,
166
Papyrus, 14–15
Parabolic geometry, 168
Paradox, 120–21, 122
Parallax, 292, 293 (ill.)
Parallel, 172 (ill.), 172–73
Parallelepiped, 187
Parallelogram, 183
Parmenides, 120
Partial derivative, 225
Particular solution, 233
Pascal, Blaise, 27, 27 (ill.)
calculating machine, 354,
355
Pascal’s Triangle, 438–39,
439 (ill.)
probability, 253
Pascal’s Triangle, 438–39,
439 (ill.)
Passel, P. F., 309
Passer (quarterback) rating,
435–36
Paul, Wolfgang, 282
Pauli exclusion principle,
282
Pearl Bridge, 333
Pearson, Allan, 311
Pell, John, 96
Percent, 265
Perfect Gas Law, 286
Perfect numbers, 78
Perfect square, 153
Perimeter, 188, 479
Periodic function, 204
Permian Period, 297
Permutations, 128, 253–54
Perpendicular lines, 175, 177
(ill.)
Personal digital assistant
(PDA), 364 (ill.)
Perspective, 373, 374, 375,
375 (ill.)
Peter the Great, 30
Peterson, Ivars, 454
Petronas Towers, 327 (ill.)
Petty, Sir William, 319
pH scale, 285–86
Photons, 281Physical sciences. See
Astronomy; Chemistry;
Geology; Physics
Physics
definition of, 275
dimensions, 281
Einstein, Albert, 280, 281
E=mc^2 , 281
electromagnetic theories,
279
energy, 278
fluid mechanics, 283
geophysics, 283
Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle, 282
light waves, 283
mass, 277, 277 (ill.)
mathematical, 276
modern, 280
motion, 276–77
Newton’s Law of Univer-
sal Gravitation, 278–79
Newton’s laws, 277–79
Ohm’s Law, 279–80
optics, 283
Pauli exclusion principle,
282
Planck, Max, 281–82, 282
(ill.)
quantum mechanics, 282
quantum theory, 281–82,
282 (ill.)
relativity, 280
statistical mechanics, 279
weight, 277, 277 (ill.)
work, 278
Pi, 368
determined arithmetical-
ly, 40
first determination of
value of, 38–39
importance of, 37–38, 39
(ill.)
measurements of a circle
using, 40
symbol for, 40
value of, 38
Pi(movie), 457
Pi: A Biography of the
World’s Most Mysterious
Number(Posamentier), 453 499INDEX
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