VI. Ocular manifestations:
These include the following:
- Retinopathy.
- Uraemic amaurosis (rare): which is sudden transient loss of vision.
- Red eye due to conjunctival congestion and calcium deposition.
- Calcium may be deposited as plaques in the conjunctiva.
VII. Musculo-Skeletal and soft tissue manifestations:
These include the following:
a- Muscular : fatigue, and wasting (myopathy) which is mainly
proximal in lower limbs (Waddling gait). It is due to retained uraemic
toxins, electrolyte disturbances, vitamin D deficiency,
hyperparathyroidism and nutritional deficiency.
b- Skeletal : include bone aches, fractures, and deformity in childhood
cases.
c- Soft tissue calcification which manifests according to the tissue
involved e.g. pruritus when skin and sensory nerves are involved, red
eye when conjunctiva is affected, arthritis when calcium deposition
involves periarticular tissues, and finger tips gangrene when small
arterioles are involved (Calciphylaxis).
VIII. Gonadal disturbances:
The following gonadal disorders are commonly seen in uraemic
patients:- In males: decreased libido, impotence, gynecomastia, reduced
spermatogenesis. - In females: decreased libido, infertility and menstrual dysfunctions.
IX. Endocrinal disturbances: