- Renal ultrasonography and pyelography:
For detection of renal stones, back pressure changes, infection,
kidney size, parenchymal echogenecity, kidney function (secretion
of contrast media) and for diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney. - Urine microscopy
For diagnosis of infection, haematuria. The presence of calcium
oxalate or uric acid crystals is of doubtful value since it could be
detected in normal subjects. - Urine analysis for pH, 24 hours calcium, uric acid and cystine
excretion. - Stone analysis to identify its nature. It may help in the treatment of
stone formers.
Medical Treatment:
- High fluid intake to achieve a urine volume of at least 2 liters per
24 hours. - Dietary modification: Reduction of sodium, calcium, protein and
oxalate:- Sodium restriction to 100 mmol/d since excess sodium intake
results in excess excretion in urine which inevitably increases
calcium urinary excretion. - Calcium should be restricted to 1 gm/d to decrease urinary
calcium excretion.
- Sodium restriction to 100 mmol/d since excess sodium intake