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VALUE OF URINE EXAMINATION IN MEDICAL

DIAGNOSIS

Normal Urine Characters:

1. Volume is 600-2500 ml/24 h (average is 1200 ml/24 h).


2. Colour is umber yellow.


3. Specific gravity is 1003-1030 (represents amount of solids in
   urine).


4. pH is 4.6-8.8 (average 6.0)


5. Protein: The amount as detected by semiqualitative methods is
   0.0-0.1 gm/24 hr urine.


6. Cells and casts:

• R.B.C.s and W.B.C.s. < 5 by H.P.F.
  
  
  • Hyaline casts occasionally present (protein collected in the renal
    tubules taking a cylinderical shape producing occasional hyaline
    casts).
  
  
  
  

7. Glucose: should be negative.


8. Some other substances may be present e.g.:

• Calcium < 150 mg/24 hr.


• Phosphate : 1mg/24 h.


• Amylase: 260-950 mg/24h.


• Creatinine: 1.6 gm/24 h (15-25 mg/kg/24h).


• Porphyrin: 50-300 mg/24h.


• Ketones: qualitative amounts.

How to examine urine:
We have to comment on the following items:

• Volume/24 h


• Specific gravity (osmolality)