Microsoft Word - final.doc

• Colour of urine


• Dip stick examination of urine


• Microscopic examination.
  
  
  1. Volume of urine:
     Changes in urine volume may be oliguria or polyuria:
  
  
  
  

Polyuria:
(Urine volume > 2500 ml/day) may occur with:

• Diuretics


• Excessive water intake (within the normal range).
  
  
  • Compulsive water drinking in psychological cases (psychogenic
    polydepsia).
  
  
  • Uncontrolled D.M.
  
  
  
  


• Diabetes insipidus which may be central or nephrogenic.
  
  
  • In central D.I. there is a decreased A.D.H. secretion.
  
  
  • In nephrogenic D.I. the renal response to A.D.H. is defective
    as in analgesic nephropathy and medullary cystic kidney
    disease.
  
  
  • Early stage of chronic renal failure.
  
  
  • Diuretic phase of acute renal failure.
    (for more details see chapter on hypernatraemia)
  
  
  
  

Oliguria:

(Urine volume < 600 ml/day), may occur with:

i. Obstructive causes:

Mainly produce anuria i.e. no urine at all, should be

differentiated from urine retention by detecting urine in the

bladder (suprapubic dullness, by U.S., or by urethral catheter).

• Removal of solitary functioning kidney.