- Colour:
- Normal: umber yellow
- Examples of colour changes of urine:
- Red urine: with hematuria, myoglobinuria and
haemoglobulinuria
(with haemoglobinuria the colour is red brown). - Pink: with rifampicin.
- Orange: concentrated normal urine, urobilin, bilirubin,
- Deep yellow: Mepacrine.
- Milky: Chyluria.
- Smoky: acute glomerulonephritis.
- Red urine: with hematuria, myoglobinuria and
- Dip stick examination of urine:
- Dip stick is a plastic strip with squares of paper impregnated with
enzymes which change in colour on exposure to target chemicals. - Dip stick is used for detection of protein, ketones, glucose, pH,
haemoglobin, bile, bacteria, pus cells and leucocytes....
i. Proteinuria:- Normal protein in urine (by quantitative assessment) is <0.1
gm/d by dip stick. It is mainly albumin and Tamm Horsfall
protein which is synthesized by renal tubules. - Abnormal proteinuria may contain albumin, globulin, Bence
Jones protein and low molecular weight protein (e.g. B-
microglobulin). - Proteinuria may be of:
- Glomerular origin e.g post infectious G.N., drug induced
G.N., collagen disease and idiopathic G.N. - Tubular origin (usually low molecular weight proteins)
e.g. heavy metals intoxication, analgesic nephropathy.
- Glomerular origin e.g post infectious G.N., drug induced
- For more details see chapter on proteinuria (page 122 )
- Normal protein in urine (by quantitative assessment) is <0.1
- Dip stick is a plastic strip with squares of paper impregnated with
joyce
(Joyce)
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