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Causes of Haemoglobinuria:

• Intravascular haemolysis e.g. in severe exercises or severe
  burns.


• Chemicals e.g. naphthalene and hydroquinone derivatives.


• Mismatched blood transfusion.


• Black water fever.


• Paroxysmal cold Haemoglobulinuria.


• Paroxysmal nocturnal Haemoglobulinuria.


• Snake bites.


• Vegetable toxins e.g. mushroom poisoning.


• False Haemoglobinuria.


• Trans-urethral prostatectomy with post operative washing with
  water, which when absorped cause hypotenicity of blood with
  consequent haemolysis.

iv. Bacteruria:

• To collect a urine sample one of the following methods
  should be used:
  
  
  • Cleaning of the area around the urethra and a midstream
    urine is collected.
  
  
  • Urine specimen may be obtained by a urethral catheter
    (especially in females).
  
  
  • Supra-pubic puncture in children.
  
  
  
  


• Detection of bacteruria is by colony count which is
  significant if >100,000/ml (indicate infection). False low
  count may occur with high urine flow, antibiotic treatment or
  contaminated container.