Crystals mainly appear in alkaline urine e.g. urate, phosphate
(Treatment depends on the acidification of urine by vitamin C
then follow up of pH by dip sticks).
Crystals in acidic urine e.g. oxalate or uric acid.
Chemicals:
Determination of 24 hours urine of some chemical substances e.g.
Calcium:
Increases in hyper-parathyroidism, Vitamin D intoxication.
Decreases in hypo-parathyroidism, rickets.
Porphyrin: Increases in lead poisoning, liver cirrhosis or
infective hepatitis.
Urinary L.D.H. (lactic dehydrogenase): increases in carcinoma
of the kidney, prostate and bladder, glomerular disease or
myocardial infarction.
Urine catecholamine : Increase in pheochromocytoma (also
increases level of V.M.A.) and neuroblastoma.
