- Primary glomerular diseases:
Such as idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis, primary focal
segmental glomerulosclerosis and primary mesangiocapillary
glomerulonephritis.
- Tubulo-interstitial diseases:
These include the following:
- Chronic heavy metal poisoning such as lead, cadmium and
mercury may result in chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis and
renal failure.
- Chronic hypercalcaemia as with vitamin D intoxication and
primary hyperparathyroidism.
- Chronic potassium depletion resulting from prolonged use of
diuretics without potassium supplementation as in patients
with ascites or congestive heart failure.
- Renal vascular diseases:
Bilateral advanced renal artery stenosis or a unilateral renal artery
stenosis in a solitary kidney.
Renal artery stenosis usually occurs due to advanced
atherosclerosis which is more common in elderly males or due to
fibromuscular dysplasia which is more common in middle aged
females.
Bilateral renal vein thrombosis; which is more common in patients
with nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrosclerosis secondary to long standing hypertension (very
common), polyarteritis nodosa (less common).
