78 TEACHERs COLLEGE COLUmbIA UNIvERsITy
visuomotor Atoms of Copy-Drawing
tors such as the larger repertoire of motor gestures
or graphical schemes; better selection of visual
landmarks that correlate with kinematic events;
the extent to which trained artists rely upon visual
working memory. Assessing such differences will be
an important step in addressing the more general
question of whether the drawing practice effectively
alters the sensory representation at the neural level.
Further, we speculate that an analysis of the strat-
egies deployed when drawing from memory and
imagination may provide a window into the mecha-
nisms of mental imagery (Kosslyn et al. 2006).
References
Buswell. G.T. (1935). How people look at pictures.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Cohen, D.J. (2005). Look little, look often: The influ-
ence of gaze frequency on drawing accuracy. Per-
ception Psychophysics 67, 997-1007.
Coen-Cagli, R, Coraggio, P., Boccignone, G., Napo-
letano, P. (2007). The Bayesian Draughtsman: A
Model For Visuomotor Coordination In Drawing.
Advances in Brain Vision and Artificial Intelli-
gence, Proceedings of BVAI 2007. LNCS 4729.
Coen-Cagli, R., Napoletano, P., Coraggio, P., Boccig-
none, G. (2008). What the Draughtsman’s Hand
Tells the Draughtsman’s Eye: A Sensorimotor Ac-
count of Drawing. International Journal of Pat-
tern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, IJP-
RAI 22(5): 1015-1029.
Coen-Cagli, R., et al. (2009). Visuomotor character-
ization of eye movements in a drawing task. Vi-
sion Research, 49, 810-818.
Gowen, E., Miall, R. (2006). Eye-hand interactions
in tracing and drawing tasks. Human Movement
Science 25, 568-585.
Itti, L., Koch, C. (2001). Computational modelling of
visual attention. Nature Reviews - Neuroscience
2, 1-11.
Kosslyn, S., Thompson W., Ganis, G. (2006). The
Case for Mental Imagery. Oxford University
Press. New York, NY.
Land, M., (2006). Eye movements and the control of
actions in everyday life. Progress in Retinal and
Eye Research 25, 296-324.
Metta, G., et al. (2006). Understanding mirror neu-
rons: A bio-robotic approach. Phenomenology
and the Cognitive Sciences, 2:197–232.
Milner, A.D., Goodale, M.A. (1995). The Visual
Brain in Action. Oxford University Press.
O’Regan, J.K., Nøe, A. (2001). A sensorimotor ac-
count of vision and visual consciousness. Behav-
ioral and Brain Sciences, 24(5):939–1011.
Pylyshyn, Z.W. (2000). Situating vision in the world.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(5):197–207.
Reynolds, J.H., Chelazzi, L. (2004). Attentional mod-
ulation of visual processing. Annual Review Neu-
roscience. 27, 611–647.
Tchalenko, J., Dempere-Marco, R., Hu, X., Yang, G.
(2003). Eye movement and voluntary control in
portrait drawing. In: The Mind’s Eye: Cognitive
and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 705-727.
Tchalenko, J. (2009). Segmentation and accuracy in
copying and drawing: Experts and beginners. Vi-
sion Research, 49, 791-800.
Viviani, P., Flash, T. (1995). Minimum-jerk model,
two-thirds power law, and isochrony: converging
approaches to the movement planning. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 21:32–53.
Yarbus. A.L. (1967). Eye movements and vision.
Plenum Press, New York. English trans. by L.A.
Riggs.
Zeki, S., Lamb, M. (1994). The neurology of kinetic
art. Brain, 117:607–636.
Zeki, S. (1999). Inner Vision. An Exploration of Art
and the Brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
UK.