Microsoft Word - WaterChemistry

61 pH Indicators Visual comparison of the color of a test solution with a standard color chart provides a means to measure pH ac ...

62 Water has a pH of pKw/2, so the pH of pure water is about 7 at 25 °C; this value varies with temperature. When an acid is dis ...

63 Calculations of pH The calculation of the pH of a solution containing acids and/or bases is an example of a chemical speciati ...

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65 Strong Acids and Bases Strong Acids and Bases Strong acids and bases are compounds that, for practical purposes, are complete ...

66 One way to provide them is to apply the law of mass conservation in terms of the two "reagents" H and A. C stands for analyti ...

67 Alkalinity.................................................. Introduction Alkalinity of water is its acid-neutralizing capaci ...

68 b. Procedure Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution to a sample of suitable size, 50 or 100 ml, in a conical flask ...

69 Alkalinity (Total) References: ASTM D 1067-92, Acidity or Alkalinity of Water. APHA Standard Methods, 19th ed., p. 2-26, meth ...

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71 Hard Water Section Water contains various amounts of dissolved minerals, some of which impart a quality known as hardness. Co ...

72 Occurrence of Hard Water Hard water is caused by soluble, divalent, metallic cations, (positive ions having valence of 2). Th ...

73 Noncarbonate hardness is a measure of calcium and magnesium salts other than carbonate and bicarbonate salts. These salts are ...

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75 Water Softening Water softening is a method of removing from water the minerals that make it hard. Hard water does not dissol ...

76 The diagram below shows the exchange that takes place during the water softening process. When the resin beads in your soften ...

77 Commonly Found Water Chemistry / Quality Problems Turbidity Turbidity is caused by particles suspended in water. These partic ...

78 Iron Iron occurs naturally in rocks and soils and is one of the most abundant elements. It occurs in two forms. Ferrous iron ...

79 Water Quality Key Words....................... 2,4-D: A chlorinated phenoxy compound, functions as a systemic herbicide and i ...

80 CONTACT TIME (CT): To inactivate viruses and bacteria, the minimum disinfection contact time measured before the first custom ...