Microsoft Word - WaterChemistry

81 MANGANESE (IV) OXIDE: The chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs natu ...

82 TRANSIENT, NON-COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM: TNCWS A water system which provides water in a place such as a gas station or campgrou ...

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85 Simple Conventional Water Treatment Principles Conventional treatment consists of the following unit processes: coagulation, ...

86 Destabilization Mechanisms There are two primary destabilization mechanisms in drinking water treatment: charge neutralizatio ...

87 Coagulation The optimal pH range for coagulation is 6 to 7 when using alum and 5.5 to 6.5 when using iron. For high alkalinit ...

88 Coagulation invariably requires addition of a chemical with a strong positive charge, such as aluminum sulfate (alum), to neu ...

89 Understanding Water Quality Parameters Water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, and alkalinity may dictate effective ...

90 Polyaluminium Chloride (PACl) Some of the alternative coagulants such as polyaluminium chloride (PACl) can be advantageous ov ...

91 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is another clarification process in which air is diffused as fine ...

92 Dual-media Filter The most commonly used filter type in the conventional treatment process is a dual-media filter comprised o ...

93 Filter Loading Rate The filter loading rate is a measure of the filter production per unit area and is typically expressed in ...

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95 Solubility of Substances in Water Water is an excellent solvent for many compounds. Some dissolve in it as molecules while ot ...

96 It is sometimes possible to take advantage of the difference in the effect of temperature to separate mixtures of different s ...

97 Principles of Coagulation........................ Untreated surface waters contain clay, minerals, bacteria, inert solids, mi ...

98 When aluminum sulfate is added to water, the aluminum ions enter into a series of complicated reactions. The aluminum ions be ...

99 Coagulation Influencing Factors............ Effects of pH: The pH range in which a coagulation process occurs may be the sing ...

100 Water temperature: Cold water temperatures can cause two factors which add to the difficulty of the coagulation process. As ...