179Measuring just one form may not capture all of the chromium that is present. In order to ensure
that the greatest potential risk is addressed, EPA's regulation assumes that a measurement of
total chromium is 100 percent chromium-6, the more toxic form.
How often does the EPA update the Total Chromium Drinking Water Standard?
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water
regulation for each contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed total
chromium as part of the second six-year review that was announced in March 2010. The Agency
noted in March 2010 that it had initiated a reassessment of the health risks associated with
chromium exposure and that the Agency did not believe it was appropriate to revise the national
primary drinking water regulation while that effort was in process.
In 2008, EPA began a rigorous and comprehensive review of chromium-6 health effects based on
new science. When this human health assessment is finalized EPA will carefully review the
conclusions and consider all relevant information to determine if the current chromium standard
should be revised.
Chromium Explained
Chromium Description
Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first
element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high
melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable. The name of the element is derived from
the Greek word "chrōma" (χρώμα), meaning color, because many of its compounds are intensely
colored.
Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago to coat metal
weapons found with the Terracotta Army. Chromium was discovered as an element after it came
to the attention of the western world in the red crystalline mineral crocoite (lead(II) chromate),
discovered in 1761 and initially used as a pigment. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated chromium
metal from this mineral in 1797.
Since Vauquelin's first production of metallic chromium, small amounts of native (free) chromium
metal have been discovered in rare minerals, but these are not used commercially. Instead, nearly
all chromium is commercially extracted from the single commercially viable ore chromite, which is
iron chromium oxide (FeCr 2 O 4 ). Chromite is also now the chief source of chromium for chromium
pigments. Chromium metal and ferrochromium alloy are commercially produced from chromite by
silicothermic or aluminothermic reactions, or by roasting and leaching processes.
Chromium metal has proven of high value due to its high corrosion resistance and hardness. A
major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and
discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel. This application, along with
chrome plating (electroplating with chromium) currently comprise 85% of the commercial use for
the element, with applications for chromium compounds forming the remainder.
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion is possibly required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid metabolism,
although the issue remains in debate. In larger amounts and in different forms, chromium can be
toxic and carcinogenic. The most prominent example of toxic chromium is hexavalent chromium
(Cr(VI)). Abandoned chromium production sites often require environmental cleanup.