430FREE CHLORINE RESIDUAL: Regardless of whether pre-chloration is practiced or not, a free
chlorine residual of at least 10 mg/L should be maintained in the clear well or distribution reservoir
immediately downstream from the point of post-chlorination. The reason for chlorinating past the
breakpoint is to provide protection in case of backflow.
FREE CHLORINE: In disinfection, chlorine is used in the form of free chlorine or as hypochlorite
ion.
FREEZING: Phase transition from liquid to solid.
FREQUENCY: Number of cycles per unit of time. Unit: 1 hertz = 1 cycle per 1 second.
G
GALVANIC CELL: Battery made up of electrochemical with two different metals connected by salt
bridge.
GAS: Particles that fill their container though have no definite shape or volume.
GEOCHEMISTRY: The chemistry of and chemical composition of the Earth.
GIARDIA LAMBLIA: Giardia lamblia (synonymous with Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia
duodenalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small
intestine, causing giardiasis. The giardia parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive
disc, and reproduces via binary fission. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does
it spread to other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the
small intestine. Giardia trophozoites absorb their nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine,
and are anaerobes.
GIARDIASAS, HEPATITIS OR TYPHOID: Diseases that may be transmitted through the
contamination of a water supply but not AIDS.
GIBBS ENERGY: Value that indicates the spontaneity of a reaction (usually symbolized as G).
GOOD CONTACT TIME, pH and LOW TURBIDITY: These are factors that are important in
providing good disinfection when using chlorine.
GPM: Gallons per minute.
GRAB SAMPLE: A sample which is taken from a water or wastestream on a one-time basis with
no regard to the flow of the water or wastestream and without consideration of time. A single grab
sample should be taken over a period of time not to exceed 15 minutes.
GT: Represents (Detention time) x (mixing intensity) in flocculation.
H
H2SO4: The molecular formula of Sulfuric acid.
HALIDES: A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part
is an element or radical that is less electronegative than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride,
bromide, iodide, or astatide compound. Many salts are halides. All Group 1 metals form halides
with the halogens and they are white solids. A halide ion is a halogen atom bearing a negative
charge. The halide anions are fluoride (F), chloride (Cl), bromide (Br), iodide (I) and astatide (At).
Such ions are present in all ionic halide salts.
HALL EFFECT: Refers to the potential difference (Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an
electrical conductor through which an electric current is flowing, created by a magnetic field
applied perpendicular to the current. Edwin Hall discovered this effect in 1879.
HALOACETIC ACIDS: Haloacetic acids are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the
place of a hydrogen atom in acetic acid. Thus, in a monohaloacetic acid, a single halogen would
replace a hydrogen atom. For example, chloroacetic acid would have the structural formula
CH2ClCO2H. In the same manner, in dichloroacetic acid two chlorine atoms would take the place
of two hydrogen atoms (CHCl2CO2H).
HALOGENS: Group 7 on the Periodic Table and are all non-metals.
HARD WATER: Hard water causes a buildup of scale in household hot water heaters. Hard water
is a type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water primarily
consists of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other
dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as
either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate
(CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is
dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful. The simplest way to determine the