Bibliography
The literature on the subjects covered in the book runs to many thousands of papers and to
document all the important contributions accurately is obviously a task which goes beyond
the scope of a textbook. Therefore, I decided to restrict the bibliography to those articles
whose results have been explicitly incorporated into the unified account given in this book.
Among them are, chiefly, pioneering papers, where the ideas discussed are presented in
their modern form. I have also included those papers whose results were directly used in
the book. Finally, because the book is devoted mostly to theoretical ideas, I decided to skip
altogether references to experimental (observational) papers.
For the convenience of the reader, the full titles of the papers are given, together with a
brief mention of the main ideas discussed. In some cases, short quotations from the original
papers are given in italics.
Expanding universe (Chapters 1 and 2)
Einstein, A. Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitaetstheorie.Sitzung-
bericht der Berlinische Akademie, 1 (1917), 142. Introduction of the cosmological
constant. Original static Einstein universe with positive curvature (see Problem 1.22).
De Sitter, W. On Einsteins’s theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences.
Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society, 78 (1917), 3. The original treatment
of the de Sitter universe in “static” coordinates (see section 1.3.6).
Friedmann, A. On the curvature of space.Zeitschrift f ̈ur Physik, 10 (1922), 377; On the
possibility of a world with constant negative curvature.Zeitschrift fur Physik ̈ , 21
(1924), 326. Discovery of nonstatic solutions for the universe. The papers contain the
consideration of closed and open universes, respectively. “The available data are not
sufficient to make numerical estimates and to arrive at a definite conclusion about the
features of our universe... Setting= 0 and taking M to be 5 · 1021 solar masses,
we obtain for the period of the universe 10 billion years.” (1922). The expansion of
the universe was discovered by Hubble in 1929.
Einstein, A., de Sitter, W. On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the
universe.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 18 (1932), 213. Discussion
of the flat expanding universe withk= 0 ,=0 andp= 0 ,which, from the point
of view of authors, is a preferable description of the real universe.
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