Physical Foundations of Cosmology

Index 421

neutrino masses, 151
neutron abundance, 115
neutron freeze-out, 102, 103
neutron-to-proton ratio, 94
Newtonian cosmology, 10, 24

optical depth, 370, 407
optical horizon, 39

particle horizon, 38, 327
peculiar velocities, 7, 20
redshift of, 57
perfect fluid approximation, 266
perturbations
action for, 340
adiabatic, 269, 273
approximate conservation law, 304, 339
conformal-Newtonian gauge, 295
decoherence of, 348
during inflation, 333, 338
evolution equations, 298, 299
fictitious modes, 289, 296
gauge transformation of, 293
gauge-invariant variables, 294, 297
generated by inflation, 330, 334
spectrum of, 345
in expanding universe, 274
in inflaton field, 335
initial state, 343
long-wavelength modes, 303, 315, 329,
337
longitudinal gauge, 295
nonlinear evolution, 279
of a perfect fluid, 299
of baryon–radiation plasma, 310, 313
of dark matter, 312
of entropy, 270, 306, 315
on cosmological constant background,
277
on dust background, 300
on radiation background, 278
on sub-Planckian scales, 328, 333
on ultra-relativistic background, 301
one-dimensional solution, 283
quantization of, 341
scalar modes, 269, 273, 299
scalar vs. vector vs. tensor modes, 291
self-similar growth, 276
short-wavelength modes, 305, 316, 327,
337
spectral tilt, 346, 355
spherically symmetric, 282
sub vs. supercurvature modes, 314
synchronous gauge, 295
tensor modes, 309
transfer functions, 318
vector modes, 270, 275, 309
phase volume, 357
photon decoupling, 130
polarization tensor, 397
polarization vector, 397
primordial neutrinos, 70
decoupling of, 73, 96

primordial nucleosynthesis, 73, 98

overview, 107, 112

quantum chromodynamics, 138

θterm, 209

quantum tunneling amplitude, 181

quark–gluon plasma, 147, 149

quarks, 138

colors of, 138

confinement of, 140

flavors of, 138

quintessence, 65

recombination, 120

delayed, 369

of helium vs. hydrogen, 72, 120

speed of sound at, 379

redshift parameter, 58

reheating, 243, 245

reionization, 407

effect on CMB, 408

renormalizable theories, 142

renormalization group equation,

144

Ricci tensor, 20

Sachs–Wolfe effect, 362, 365

Saha formula, 121

Sakharov conditions, 211

seesaw mechanism, 214

self-reproducing universe, 260, 352

self-reproduction scale, 354

shear viscosity coefficient, 311, 314

Silk damping, 311, 317, 372, 378

spaces of constant curvature, 17

sphalerons, 180, 183

in field theory, 187

standard candles, 7

standard model of particle physics, 131,

199

standard rulers, 7

Stokes parameters, 398

strong energy condition, 22, 233

structure formation, 72

by inflation, 333

supergravity, 202

supersymmetry, 201

tensor spherical harmonics, 405

textures, 224

thermal history of the universe, 72

thermodynamical integrals, 82

transfer functions

of CMB, 375, 382

of primordial perturbations, 315

weak energy condition, 22

weak interactions, 151

Weakly interacting massive particles, 203,

206

Zel’dovich approximation, 286

Zel’dovich pancake, 285